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Psychologists take opposing opinion of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who make the study of the relationship between actions and their results, argue that rewards can make improvement in performing at work and school. Cognitive (认知学派的) researchers, who study various fields of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and presents from others.The latter point has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary (金钱的) rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements (刺激) indeed aid inventiveness, in accordance to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology."If kids know they’re working for a reward and can keep close attention to a task relatively full of challenges, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it’s simple to vanish creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards."A teacher who continually pays attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes more and more efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades,In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims. What is the response of many educators to external rewards for their students（）
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Dogs are social animals and they will act like wild animals without proper training. They will destroy your house, bark excessively, fight other dogs and even hurt you. Almost all behavior problems are normal dog activities. The efficient way to prevent or treat behavior problems is learning to instruct the dog to redirect its normal behavior.One of the best things you can do for both your dog and yourself is to give it obedience training. Obedience training doesn’t solve all behavior problems, but it is the basis for solving just about any problem. Training promotes connection between you and your pets. Efficient communication is necessary to instruct your dog about what you want it to do and what you don’t want.Training is also a simple method to establish the social rank system. When your dog obeys a simple request such as "come here, sit" , which is showing obedience and respect for you. It is unnecessary to establish yourself as top dog or leader of the dog pack(群) by using extreme measures. You can teach your dog its subordinate (从属的) role by teaching it to obey to you. Training should be fun and rewarding for you and your dog. It can enrich your relationship and make living together more enjoyable. A well-trained dog can be safer to others when allowed a greater amount of freedom. When a dog has received effective obedience training, its owner（）
Do you find getting up in the morning so difficult that it’s painful This might be so-called laziness, but Dr Johnson has a new explanation. He has proved that everyone has a daily energy cycle,During the hours when you labour through your work you may say that you’re "hot". That’s true. The time of day when you feel most energetic is the peak of your body temperature cycle. No one has discovered why this is so, but it leads to such familiar monologues (自言自语) as: "Get up, John! You’ll be late for work again!" The possible explanation to the trouble is that John is at his temperature-and-energy peak in the evening. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives get to know what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.You can’t change your energy cycle, but you can learn to make your life fit it better. Habit can help. Dr Johnson believes. Maybe you’re sleepy in the evening but feel you must stay up late anyway. Counteract (对抗) your cycle to some extent by habitually staying up later than you want to. If your energy is low in the morning but you have a job of great importance to do early in the day, rise before your usual hour. This won’t change your cycle, but you’ll get up steam (鼓起干劲)and work better at your low point.Get off to a slow start which saves your energy. Get up with a leisurely yawn (呵欠) and stretch. Sit on the edge of the bed a minute before putting your feet on the floor. Avoid the troublesome search for clean clothes by laying them out the night before. Whenever possible, do routine work in the afternoon and save tasks requiring more energy or concentration for your sharper hours. Which of the following may lead to family quarrels according to the passage（）
听下面一段对话，回答下列问题。In the next few decades people are going to travel very differently from the way we do today. Everyone is going to drive electrically powered cars. So in a few years people won’t worry about running out of gas.Some of the large automobile companies are really moving ahead with this new technology.Transportation in the future won’t be limited to the ground. Many people predict that traffic will move to the sky. In the coming years, instead of radio reports about road conditions and highway traffic, new reports will talk about traffic jam in the sky.But the sky isn’t the limit. In the future, you’ll probably even be able to take a trip to the moon. Instead of listening to regular airplane announcements, you’ll hear someone say, "The spacecraft will get rid of the gravity in ten seconds. Please check your equipment and remember, no more than ten ounces of carry-on baggage are allowed." What can be reported from the news（）
Dogs are social animals and they will act like wild animals without proper training. They will destroy your house, bark excessively, fight other dogs and even hurt you. Almost all behavior problems are normal dog activities. The efficient way to prevent or treat behavior problems is learning to instruct the dog to redirect its normal behavior.One of the best things you can do for both your dog and yourself is to give it obedience training. Obedience training doesn’t solve all behavior problems, but it is the basis for solving just about any problem. Training promotes connection between you and your pets. Efficient communication is necessary to instruct your dog about what you want it to do and what you don’t want.Training is also a simple method to establish the social rank system. When your dog obeys a simple request such as "come here, sit" , which is showing obedience and respect for you. It is unnecessary to establish yourself as top dog or leader of the dog pack(群) by using extreme measures. You can teach your dog its subordinate (从属的) role by teaching it to obey to you. Training should be fun and rewarding for you and your dog. It can enrich your relationship and make living together more enjoyable. A well-trained dog can be safer to others when allowed a greater amount of freedom. Efficient communication between a dog and its owner is（）
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