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案例分析题They were the Macbeths of information technology: a wicked couple who seized power and abused it in bloody and greedy ways. But in recent years, the story has (36) . Bill Gates, Microsoft’s founder, has retired to give away his billions. The "Wintel" couple (short for "Windows" and "Intel") are (37) seen as yesterday’s tyrants. Rumors (38) that a coup is brewing to oust Steve Ballmer, Microsoft’s current boss.Yet there is life in the old technologists. They still control the two most important standards in (39) : Windows, the operating system for most personal computers, and "Intel Architecture," the set of rules governing how software (40) with the processor it runs on. More than 80% of PCs still run on the "Wintel" standard. Accordingly, (41) for Windows and PC chips, which flagged during the global recession, has (42) . So have both firms’ results: to many people’s surprise, Microsoft announced a thumping (巨大的) quarterly profit of $4.5 billion in July; Intel earned a(n) (43) $2.9 billion.So now is a good time to take stock of IT’s most hated power couple. As The Economist went to press, Intel was on track to reach a (44) with America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC), which would in effect end the antitrust woes that have (45) both firms. And Microsoft has recently strengthened its ties with ARM, Intel’s new archrival (主要竞争对手). This suggests that the Wintel marriage is crumbling. 45（）
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案例分析题Last year, Christmas was the biggest single day for e-book sales by HarperCollins. And (26) are that this year’s Christmas Day total will be even higher, given the (27) strong sales of e-readers like the Kindle and the Nook. Amazon (28) that it had sold one million of its Kindles in each of the three (29) weeks. But we can also guess that the number of visitors to the e-book sections of public libraries’ websites is about to (30) , too. And that is a source of great worry for publishers. In their eyes, borrowing an e-book from a library has been too easy. It is worried that people will (31) to borrow an e-book from a library rather than buy it. Almost all major publishers in the United States now block libraries’ (32) the e-book form of either all of their titles or their most recently published ones. Borrowing a printed book from the library (33) an inconvenience upon its patrons. "You have to walk or drive to the library, and then walk or drive back to return it," says Maja Thomas, a senior vice president of the Hachettte Book Group. And print copies don’t last forever, and the ones that are much (34) will have to be replaced. "Selling one copy that could be lent out an infinite number of times with no friction is not a (35) business model for us," Ms. Thomas says. E-lending is not without some friction. Software ensures that only one patron can read an e-book copy at a time, and people who see a long waiting list for a certain title may decide to buy it instead. 28（）
案例分析题Since ancient times, the destructive effects of earthquakes on human lives and property have encouraged the search for reliable methods of earthquake prediction. This challenge remains and modern scientists continue to search for reliable methods to determine the time, place and intensity of individual quakes. One prediction technique involves an analysis of the recurrence (重视) rates of earthquakes as indicators of future activity. Earthquakes are concentrated in certain areas of the world which are subject to constant movements of earth’s plates and it is in these areas that scientists focus their investigations. This search for pre-earthquake phenomena has received particular attention. In contrast to the ancient Greeks and Romans, who relied on the crying of dogs as a warning sign, modern scientists have focused on physical evidence for a coming earthquake. Evidence of plate strain can be found by measuring relative movements, while chemical changes also offer signals for scientists. Analysis of the changes in magnetic properties and conductivity (传导性) of rocks provides further data for prediction. The electrical and magnetic properties of crustal (地壳的) rocks are particularly sensitive to strain. The conductivity of crustal rock is determined by the degree to which the rock is soaked with fluid and the electrolytic properties of those fluids. Before large earthquakes, small fractures develop in rocks, which change the quantity of fluid present. These changes can be measured and provide useful data. However, similar changes in the fluid-bearing capacity of rock can occur as a result of other factors such as changes in the water table, and therefore this technique is not entirely reliable. The ancient belief that the behavior of birds, cats and dogs provides evidence of inevitable earthquakes has recently gained credence as a result of tests carried out in California. It has been shown that changes take place in the metabolic (新陈代谢的) rates of these animals which correlate with subsequent seismic activity. It is assumed that the animals are sensitive to the seismic waves which precede major quakes. In zones where earthquakes are known to occur, improved construction techniques can significantly reduce the effects of seismic waves. If more accurate information regarding the time and intensity were available, governments could take even more effective measures to reduce the impact on human lives. If, however, an entirely accurate prediction technique became available, there would be significant social and political implications. Crustal rocks can be used to predict earthquakes for their （）.
案例分析题Last year, Christmas was the biggest single day for e-book sales by HarperCollins. And (26) are that this year’s Christmas Day total will be even higher, given the (27) strong sales of e-readers like the Kindle and the Nook. Amazon (28) that it had sold one million of its Kindles in each of the three (29) weeks. But we can also guess that the number of visitors to the e-book sections of public libraries’ websites is about to (30) , too. And that is a source of great worry for publishers. In their eyes, borrowing an e-book from a library has been too easy. It is worried that people will (31) to borrow an e-book from a library rather than buy it. Almost all major publishers in the United States now block libraries’ (32) the e-book form of either all of their titles or their most recently published ones. Borrowing a printed book from the library (33) an inconvenience upon its patrons. "You have to walk or drive to the library, and then walk or drive back to return it," says Maja Thomas, a senior vice president of the Hachettte Book Group. And print copies don’t last forever, and the ones that are much (34) will have to be replaced. "Selling one copy that could be lent out an infinite number of times with no friction is not a (35) business model for us," Ms. Thomas says. E-lending is not without some friction. Software ensures that only one patron can read an e-book copy at a time, and people who see a long waiting list for a certain title may decide to buy it instead. 29（）
案例分析题Despite the brouhaha (骚动) over stolen e-mails from the University of East Anglia, the science of climate change is well enough established by now that we can move on to the essential question: what’s the damage going to be The total bill, if emissions are left unchecked, could reach 20 percent of annual per capita income, says Nicholas Stern, the British economist who led an influential Whitehall-sponsored study. William Nordhaus, a Yale economist, puts his "best guess" at 2.5 percent of yearly global GDP. And according to Dutch economist Richard Tol, the economic impact of a century’s worth of climate change is "relatively small" and "comparable to the impact of one or two years of economic growth." These estimates aren’t just different—they’re different by an order of magnitude. And while some might dismiss the cost estimates as mere intellectual exercises, they’re intellectual exercises with real impact. The Copenhagen meeting may be a bust, but countries from the United States to China are individually considering cap-and-trade schemes, carbon taxes, and other policies aimed at curtailing greenhouse gases. To be effective, a tax or cap-and-trade charge would have to force today’s emitters to pay the true "social cost of carbon"—in other words, the amount of damage a ton of carbon will cause in the coming centuries. Figuring out what that cost is, however, is no simple task. That’s largely because most of the bill won’t come due for many decades. A ton of carbon dioxide emitted today will linger in the air for anywhere from one to five centuries. Virtually every cost study shows that, even if economic growth continues apace (快速地) and there’s no effort to slash emissions, the damage from climate change will be negligible until at least 2075. It could take 100 years before we see noticeably negative effects, and even more before we need to launch massive construction projects to mitigate (减轻) the damage. Why is it hard to figure out the social cost of carbon（）
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