Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks with the exact words you have just heard. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.The ancient Greeks developed basic memory systems called Mnemonics. The name is 1 from their Goddess of Memory, Mnemosene. In the ancient world, a trained memory was an 2 asset, particularly in public life. There were no 3 devices for taking notes and early Greek orators (演说家) delivered long speeches with great 4 because they learned the speeches using Mnemonic systems. The Greeks discovered that human memory is largely an associative process-that it works by linking things together. For example, 5 an apple. The 6 your brain registers the word ’apple’, it 7 the shape, colour, taste, smell and 8 of that fruit. All these things are associated in your memory with the word ’apple’. This means that any thought about a certain subject will often bring up more memories that 9 it. An example could be when you think about a lecture you have had. This could trigger a memory about what you were talking about through that lecture, which can then trigger another memory. The associations do not have to be logical. They just have to 10 . An example given on a website I was looking at follows: Do you remember the shape of Austria, Canada, Belgium, or Germany Probably not. What about Italy, though If you remember the shape of Italy, it is because you have been told at some time that Italy is shaped like a boot. You made an association with something already known, the shape of a boot, and Italy’s shape could not be forgotten once you had made the association.