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AChief Michael Omisade, a lawyer, has been appointed chairman of the National Bank of Nigena. He succeeds Mr. C S. O. Akande, who relinquished the post at the end of his three-year term. The Board of Directors of the Bank has also been reconstituted with the appointment of five new persons: Mr. M A. AdAeniran, Mr. G. L. Oyawola, Chief Femi Oyebanjo, Mr. Tunde Oyefodunnn, Mr. ,J. O. Turki, Mr. S. O. Banjo (the managing director) and Mr. J. A. Ogunbiyi.BUnion officials from Australia, Barbados, Britain, Canada, India, Sierra Leone and Tanzania have been named as the steering committee of the newly-formed Commonwealth Trade Union Council (CTUC) . Dennis McDermott, President of the Canadian Labour Congress, was appointed chairman of the council, whose chief aim is promoting the interests of trade unions and some 25m workers in the Commonwealth, specially those in the developing countries of Africa, Asia and the Caribbean. Mr. Len Murray, General Secretary of the British Trades Union Congress, said he hoped the new organization, officially formed on March 1, could help further the dialogue between the nations of the industrialized North and the developing South.CThe Sokoto Match Factory, opened in 1978, has been closed down due to acute shortage of spare pans, lack of raw materials and cash flow problems. The general manager of the company Mr. Nasir Mikhali, regretted the closure because he had thought the project was viable. The factory was a joint venture of the Sokoto State Government, Messrs Alawa A/C factory, and PAPCO (Nigeda) Ltd. It had 50 employees and was producing about 27,000 canons of good quality matches a year. The workers went on strike.DThe meeting of the international Tin Council in London earlier this month decided to raise the price range of the buffer stock by ten percent. This lifted the "floor" from 1,500 ringgit (Malaysian dollars) per picul (133 1/31bs) to M 1,650 per picul and the "ceiling" from M 1,950 to M 2,145. At last week’s exchange rates that would make the floor a bit under 6,000 a tonne and the ceiling over 7,250 a tonne, with the middle belt, where the buffer stock manager may neither buy nor sell without special permisson, from about 6,150 a tonne just over 6,700 a tonne. It produces about 27,000 canons of matches a year.（）
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Research and Development in IndustryIt is only through innovation that large companies will be able to survive, according to Mark Peter, vice-chair- man of UK-owned industrial giant 5P. However, says Peter, it remains difficult to run a truly innovative company. Innovation involves speculation, unproven technologies and unpredictable costs. It takes a lot of managing, because managers really have to be on top of what’s happening. In addition, innovation does not fit easily into the orderly kind of organization that company accountants like. Despite this, Peter claims it is an essential policy to pursue.The 5P group’s record of growth aid profitability indicates that it manages the orderly part of the business pretty well. The statistics are big: operations in more than 60 countries, sales in more than 200. around 60, 000 products and 70, 000 employees. But what makes 5P different is its innovative approach to innovation itself. Although it is a massive multi-national with a turnover of $ 15 billion, the whole company is bro- ken down into tiny groups which work together and help each other and are then encouraged to consult internally with the other groups. This positively encourages individual and collaborative research.A further encouragement is that all research staff world-wide are expected to work on 5P projects for only 85% of their times for the remaining 15% of time they are free to pursue ideas of their own, using company facilities. In this time they can work on their own or in a group. One hugely successful project that has come out of this 15% rule is the Post-it note. The idea came from an individual inventor and then. using the business skills of a large organization, was rapidly developed into a major product. The success of the Post-it note proves how profitable the innovative 15% rule can be.Mark Peter says innovation is at the heart of 5P. In 1996. more that 30% of sales were generated by products less than four years old. He says: "We almost always get into new markets through innovation. We’re very good at adapting these innovations to lots of different markets so we have a high success rate. We take an idea and see how many applications it’s got. Then we try to establish market dominance. We have a tremendous variety of technologies so we can adapt anything but we still need the original ideas to develop." In the past year 5P has introduced a group-wide program called Pacing Plus. This means that they are still actively seeking new ideas, but with the difference that they hope many of them will eventually lead to the establishment of completely new business. In this way, 5P will be able to invest in a wide range of markets and even create some new ones.This emphasis on innovation creates unusual stresses and strains and makes a company like 5P a difficult business To manage. Technical people at 5P are given a large degree of intellectual freedom, and the company appears to specifically try to recruit people who think for themselves and who don’t necessarily solve things by the traditional routes. The management encourages people to step outside of the security that comes from working in a big, stable group, and then to handle the consequences. So far the mixture of freedom and heavy responsibility seems to work: the 25 research schemes now under review could generate business worth $ 6 billion a year. The writer says that the Post-it note was invented as a result of（）
Richard Thomas went to (1) law school after finishing college. Then, he moved to New York.2. The girl next to Richard Thomas married a (2) guy and now lives near Paris somewhere.3. The tall girl is Ellen Rosenberg, who work in Los Angels for (3) years.4. Carol Chin moved to San Francisco and got an (4) job for a while, then went down to Texas to study library science. 3（）
The Dollar in World MarketsAccording to a leading German banker, the U.S. dollar is "the most frequently discussed economic phenomenon of our times". He adds, "...the dollar’s exchange rate is at present the most important price in the world economy..." . Because the dollar acts as a world currency its value affects many nations The central banks of many countries hold huge reserves of dollars, and over half of all world trade is priced in terms of dollars. Any shift in the dollar’s exchange rate will benefit some and hurt others. Some people suggest, therefore, (8) .The dollar’s exchange rate has been too volatile and unpredictable. Several years ago the dollar was rapidly declining in value. This made it (9) The rise in the price of foreign goods made it possible for U. S. businesses to raise the price of competing goods produced here, thus worsening inflation. Foreigners who dealt in dollars or who held dollars as reserves were hurt. People in the United States who had borrowed foreign currencies found that they had to pay back more than they borrowed (10) The United States lost face in the eyes of the rest of the world.The dollar went soaring upward, and the situation was reversed. United States exporters found it hard to sell abroad because foreigners would have to pay more for U.S. dollars. People in the United States now bought the relatively cheaper foreign goods, and U.S. manufacturers complained that they could not compete. Job losses were often blamed on the "overvalued" dollar. Poor nations (11) found it difficult to repay both the loans and the interest because they had to use more and more of their own currencies to obtain dollars. The solution to this problem is to end the system of floating exchange rates and return to fixed rates. We might even return to the gold standard.Fixed exchange rates did not work in the past. Currency values should be determined by market conditions. A drop in the exchange value of a nation’s currency means that (12) that it is too inefficient to compete in world markets, that it is permitting a high rate of inflation which makes its goods too expensive, that it is going too deeply in debt, or that others have lost confidence in the nation’s stability. A nation should bring its exchange rate back up by addressing these problems, not by interfering with the money market. 10（）
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