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Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch. Unfortunately, banks’ lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult. After a bruising encounter with Congress, America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman, cried out against those who "question our motives. "Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls "the use of judgment by management." European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did "not live in a political vacuum" but "in the real word" and that Europe could yet develop different rules. It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank’s shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains. To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions. Bankers complained that they were forced to______.
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Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter- century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage. It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies. We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far- off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. " So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism, "Newman wrote, "that I am tempted to define ’journalism’ as ’a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are. ’" Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975 ,is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967 ,the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists. Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed tong before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover,the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat. What would be the best title for the text
Driving through snowstorm on icy roads for long distances is a most nerve-racking experience. It is a paradox that the snow, coming (1) gently, blowing gleefully in a high wind, all the while (2) down a treacherous carpet, freezes the windows, (3) the view. The might of automated man is (4) . The horses, the powerful electrical systems, the deep-tread tires, all go (5) nothing. One minute the road feels (6) ,and the next the driver is sliding over it, light as a (7) ,in a panic, wondering what the heavy trailer trucks coming up (8) the rear are going to do. The trucks are like (9) when you have to pass them, not at sixty or seventy (10) you do when the road is dry, but at twenty-five and thirty. (11) their engines sound unnaturally loud. Snow, slush and (12) of ice spray from beneath the wheels, obscure the windshield, and rattle (13) your car. Beneath the wheels there is plenty of (14) for you to slide and get mashed to a pulp. Inch (15) inch you move up, past the rear wheels, the center wheels, the cab, the front wheels, all (16) too slowly by. Straight ahead you continue, (17) to cut over sharply would send you into a slip, (18) in front of the vehicle. At last, there is (19) enough, and you creep back over, in front of the truck now, but (20) the sound of its engine still thundering in your ears. 12（）
再贴现是指贴现银行持______向中国人民银行进行贴现，通过转让汇票取得中国人民银行再贷款的行为。
关系模式R(U，F)，其中U={A，B，C，D，E}，F={AC→E，E→D，A→B，B→D}。关系模式R的候选键是 (45) ， (46) 是无损连接并保持函数依赖的分解。 （45）处填（）。
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