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Passage 23 In order to learn a foreign language well, it is necessary to overcome the fear of making mistakes. (23) If the primary goal of language use is communication, then mistakes are secondary considerations that may be dealt with gradually as awareness of those mistakes increases. On the other hand, students should not ignore their mistakes. The language learner may observe how native speakers express themselves, and how native expressions differ from the way the learner might say them. For example, a Spanish speaker who has been saying "I do it" to express willingness to do something in the immediate future, could, by communicating with native speakers of English, observe that native speakers actually say "I’ll do it". This difference can serve as a basis for the student to change his way of using the present tense in English. But a student who is unwilling to communicate in the first place would lose this opportunity to learn by trial and error. According to the passage, foreign language students who do not communicate with native speakers will NOT______.
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Passage 46 Although Beethoven could sit down and make up music easily, his really great compositions did not come easily at all. They cost him a great deal of hard work. We know how often he rewrote and corrected his work because his notebooks are still kept in museums and libraries. He always found it hard to satisfy himself. When he was 28, the worst difficulty of all came to him. He began to notice a strange humming(嗡嗡声) in his ears. At first he paid little attention; but it grew worse, and at last he consulted doctors. (46) They gave him the worst news any musician could bear: he was gradually going deaf. Beethoven was in despair; he was sure that he was going to die. He went away to the country, to a place called Heiligenstadt, and from there he wrote a long farewell letter to his brothers. He longed to die, and said to death, "Come when you will, I shall meet you bravely." In fact, Beethoven did something braver than dying. He gathered his courage and went on writing music, though he could not hear what he wrote. He wrote his best music, the music we remember him for, after he became deaf. The music he wrote was very different from any that had been composed before. Beethoven knew that he was going deaf______.
Passage 31 The summer holiday is the best part of the year for most children. (31) The weather is usually good, so that one can spend most of one’s time playing in the garden or, if one lives in the country, out in the woods and fields. Even if one lives in a big town, one can usually go to a park to play. The best place for a summer holiday, however, is the seaside. Some children are lucky enough to live near the sea, but for the others who do not, a week or two at one of the big seaside towns is something which they will talk about for the whole of the following year. In England, it is not only the rich who can take their children to the seaside; if a factory worker or a bus driver, a street cleaner or a waiter wants to take his wife and children to South-end or Margate, Black-pool or Cloak-town, he is usually quite able to do so. What is it that children like so much about the seaside I think it is the sand, sea and sun more than any other things. Of course, there are lots of new things to see, nice things to eat, and exciting things to do, but it is the feeling of sand under one’s feet, of salt water on one’s skin, and of the warm sun on one’s back that make the seaside what it is. ______make the seaside what it is.
Passage 37 Why don’t birds get lost on their long flights from one place to another Scientists have been puzzled over this question for many years. Now they’re beginning to fill in the blanks. Not long ago, experiments showed that birds rely on the sun to guide them during daylight hours. But what about birds that fly by night (37) Tests with artificial stars have proved that certain night-flying birds are able to follow the stars in their long-distance flights. A dove had spent its lifetime in a cage and had never flown under a natural sky. Yet it showed an inborn ability to use the stars for guidance. The bird’s cage was placed under an artificial star-filled sky. The bird tried to fly in the same direction as that taken by his outdoor cousins. Any change in the position of the artificial stars caused a change in the direction of his flight. The stars are apparently their principal means of navigation. When the stars are hidden by clouds, they seemingly find their way by such landmarks as mountain ranges, coast lines, and river courses. But when it’s too dark to see these, the doves circle helplessly, unable to find their way. The experiment with the dove indicated that______.
Passage 30 Elephants are the biggest animals that live on land (some whales are bigger than elephants but whales live in the sea), when born a baby elephant weighs 91 kilograms. That is the weight of a grown man. It is about 91 centimeters high. When it reaches the age of six years, it is about 183 centimeters high. (30) When it reaches the age of twelve years, it does not grow any more. It may then be 320 centimeters high. African elephants are bigger than Indian elephants. African elephants have much bigger ears. Elephants have very long noses which we call "trunks". No other animals have trunks as long as elephants. An elephant can use its trunk to smell things and it can also pick up things with the tip of its trunk. The tip of its trunk can be used like a hand. An elephant uses its trunk to feed itself. It likes to eat leaves, young juicy branches of a tree and fruit. It picks these with its trunk and puts the food into its mouth. When it wants a drink, it puts the tip of its trunk into water. It fills its trunk with water and then blows the water into the mouth. The elephant washes itself in the same way. It fills its trunk with water and then blows the water over itself. Two of the elephant’s teeth are very long and strong. They are called "tusks". They use their tusks to dig up small trees and to dig in the ground for water. Elephants also use their tusks to lift heavy logs of wood. In some countries men catch wild elephants and teach them to work. After a while they are no longer wild. They become tame. They become very obedient. They do what their masters tell them to do. All day long they work patiently in the hot sun. They pull trees along and lift heavy logs. No animal is stronger than an elephant. Elephants have very strong legs. Their legs are like trees. They usually walk slowly because they are so big, but they walk very quietly. An elephant uses its tusks for______.
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