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Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
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The current view of child language development is that it is an instinct. This language instinct is innate. But this prevailing view has not always enjoyed widespread acceptance. In the middle of last century, experts of the time think that "habits" developed as young children were rewarded for repeating language correctly and ignored or punished when they used incorrect forms of language. Over time, a child would learn language much like a dog might learn to behave properly through training. Even though the modern view holds that language is instinctive, Assistant Professor Eliot are convinced that the interaction a child has with his parents and caregivers is crucial to its development. The language of the parents and caregivers acts as models for the developing child. Given that the models parents provide are so important, it is interesting to consider the role of "baby talk" in the child’s language development. Baby talk is the language produced by an adult speaker who is trying to exaggerate certain aspects of the language to capture the attention of a young baby. Dr. Golinkoff believes that babies benefit from baby talk. When using baby talk,people exaggerate their facial expressions, which help the baby to begin to understand what is being communicated. She also notes that the exaggerated nature and repetition of baby talk helps infants to learn the differences hetween sounds. Professor Jusczyk has made a particular study of babies’ ability to recognize sounds. A baby will listen longer to the sounds that occur frequently. An experiment at John Hopkins University, in which researchers went to the homes of 16 nine-month-olds, confirms this view. The researchers arranged their visits for ten days out of a two-week period. During each visit the researcher played an audio tape that included the same three stories. The stories included odd words such as "python" or "hornbill", which were unlikely to be encountered in the babies’ everyday experience. After a couple of weeks, during which nothing was done, the babies listened to two recorded lists of words. The first list included words heard in the story. The second included similar words, but not the exact that were used in the stories. Jusczyk found the babies listened longer to the words that had appeared in the stories, which indicated that the babies had extracted individual words from the story. When a control group of 16 nine-month-olds, who had not heard the stories, listened to the two groups of words, they showed no preference for either list. This does not mean that the babies actually understand the meanings of the words, just the sound pattern. It supports the idea that people have the capacity to learn language since their birth. This ability is enhanced if they are involved in conversation. And significantly, Dr. Eliot reminds parents that babies and toddlers need to feel they are communicating. Clearly, sitting in front of the television is not enough. The experiment at John Hopkins University shows that ______.
Passage Two Questions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.
Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
Just as the Corporate cowboys of the 1970s destroyed the reputation of the corporations they headed, and engaged in grand scale self indulgence at corporate expense, now Australia is in the era of the campus cowboy (and female counterpart). They too overstate the performance of their product and corporation, and indulge in grand scale self indulgence, despite their claims of academic excellence and projecting a holier than holy image. Academics are put under various pressures to drop the standard of university education so that more students are retained through to graduation, thereby maximizing the revenue collected by governments of both persuasions and the more revenue handed back to the universities to fund the outrageous perquisites of senior management at those institutions. Australian universities artificially boost student numbers by accepting many Australians who should not be allowed within 100 kilometers of a university on the grounds of their intellectual rigor and/or lack of diligence and by actively recruiting full fee paying overseas students. Despite increased HECS fees, lecturers have been instructed to neglect their teaching in favor of research which generates further university revenue. Both tactics by Australian universities have resulted in a dumbing down of Australian tertiary(高等的)education. Sure the courses look good on paper, but how they are administered results in the massive abandonment of educational standards. For example, in some cases, students can pass a subject having scored only 30% on the final exam. In some instances, the English of the overseas students is limited and lecturers have trouble understanding what students are trying to say. They are under pressure to pass the student in order to retain them as cash cows. Lecturers are under so much pressure from their university managers that they employ tactics such as giving the students the exam questions and answers before the exam giving ’mock’ exams and answers that are the same as the ’real’ exam and setting only the simplest of questions (which are similar to questions students have already done in tutorials. Why aren’t various parties doing something about the situation Students don’t complain because they get their qualification and higher grades with less work. Lecturers complain but how to the pressure imposed on them because they have mortgages to pay, families to feed and a career investment in tertiary education. Universities win because lower standards and easier success means more students will come back to do higher degrees—a win-win situation Professions which employ large groups of graduates don’t complain because the system produces more ’qualified’ graduates for employers to choose from, thus forcing down salaries and generating more revenue for the profession’s administrators from increased numbers of people undertaking postgraduate professional exams necessary for admittance to the relevant profession. Accomplishment of courses appears good in paper, because they are the manipulated results from ______ of educational standard.
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