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b>Ganesh et al., Diet and Colorectal Cancer Methods: The period of data collection was 1989–1992 that included subjects who visited TMH [Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India] for diagnosis and treatment. Patients were interviewed at the out-patient department of TMH, prior to diagnosis. The information was recorded in a pre-designed questionnaire that included demographic characteristics (age, sex, religion, etc.), life-style (habits such as smoking, chewing, alcohol drinking, etc.), dietary habits and dietary items. After interviewing the patient, cancer cases and controls were segregated based on the diagnosis. […] there were 203 cases of ‘colorectal’ cancers and 1628 controls (unmatched) that were considered as eligible entrants for this study. The questionnaire contained socio-demographic information, life-style habits like chewing, smoking, alcohol consumption and dietary items. The questionnaire on food items were based on recollection of consumption of routine food items prior to 1-year of the date of interview. Information on food frequency per week was also collected. What type of study does this Methods section describe?
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b>Wang et al., Cranberry-Containing Products for Prevention of Urinary Tract Infections Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were systemically searched from inception to November 2011 for randomized controlled trials that compared prevention of UTIs in users of cranberry-containing products vs placebo or nonplacebo controls. There were no restrictions for language, population, or publication year. What type of study did the researchers undertake?
b>Conen et al., Caffeine consumption and incident atrial fibrillation (a heart rhythm disorder) in women Design: A total of 33,638 initially healthy women who participated in the Women's Health Study and who were greater than 45 years of age and free of cardiovascular disease and AF [atrial fibrillation] at baseline were prospectively followed for incident AF from 1993 to 2 March 2009. All women provided information on caffeine intake via food-frequency questionnaires at baseline and in 2004. What type of study does this design section describe?
b>Takahashi et al., Evaluating the preventive effect of cranberry juice Abstract: We examined the rate of relapse, as a variable index, in patients with urinary tract infection (UTI) who suffered from multiple relapses when using cranberry juice (UR65). A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study was conducted from October 2007 to September 2009 in Japan. The subjects were outpatients aged 20 to 79 years who were randomly divided into two groups. One group received cranberry juice (group A) and the other a placebo beverage (group P). To keep the conditions blind, the color and taste of the beverages were adjusted. Based on the abstract, what type of study did the researchers implement?
b>Vartanian et al., Effects of soft drink consumption on nutrition and health Methods: We focused on research investigating the effects of sugar-sweetened beverages; diet and artificially sweetened beverages are noted only in certain cases for comparison purposes. We conducted a computer search through MEDLINE and PsycINFO using the key terms “soft drink,” “soda,” and “sweetened beverage.” We identified articles that assessed the association of soft drink consumption with 4 primary outcomes (energy intake, body weight, milk intake, and calcium intake) and 2 secondary outcomes (nutrition and health). We identified additional articles by searching each article’s reference section and the Web of Science database. Finally, we contacted the authors of each included article with a request for unpublished or in-press work, and we asked each author to forward our request to other researchers who might have relevant work. Our searches yielded a total of 88 articles that were included in the present analysis. What type of study design does this Methods section describe?
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