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第一篇 Is the Tie a Necessity？ Ties, or neckties, have been a symbol of politeness and elegance in Britain for centuries. But the casual Prime Minister Tony Blair has problems with them. Reports suggest that even the civil servants may stop wearing ties. So, are the famously formal British really going to abandon the neckties？Maybe. Last week, the UK’s Cabinet Secretary Andrew Turnbull openly welcomed a tieless era. He hinted that civil servants would soon be tree of the costliest 12 inches of fabric that most men ever buy in their lives. In fact， Blair showed this attitude when he had his first guests to a cocktail party. Many of them were celebrities （知名人士） without ties， which would have been unimaginable even in the recent past.For some more conservative British, the tie is a must for proper appearance. Earlier, Labor leader Jim Callaghan said he would have died rather than have his children seen in public without a tie. For people like Callaghan, the tile was a sign of being complete, of showing respect. Men were supposed to wear a tie when going to church, to work in the office, to a party - almost every social occasion.But today, people have begun to accept a casual style even for formal occasions. The origin of the tie is tricky. It started as something called simply a "band". The term could mean anything around a man’s neck. It appeared in finer ways in the 1630s. Frenchmen showed a love of this particular fashion statement. Their neckwear （颈饰）impressed Charles II， the king of England who was exiled（流放）to France at that time. When he returned to England in 1660， he brought this new fashion item along with him.It wasn’t, however, until the late 18th century that fancy young men introduced a more colorful, flowing piece of cloth that eventually became known as the tie. Then, clubs military institutions and schools began to use colored and patterned ties to indicate the wearer’s membership in the late 19th century. After that, the tie became a necessary item of clothing for British gentlemen. But now, even gentlemen are getting tired of ties. Anyway, the day feels a bit easier when you wake up without having to decide which tie suits you and your mood. The tie symbolizes all of the following except（）
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实例： 天龙航空食品公司的员工考评罗芸在天龙航空食品公司担任地区经理快一年了。他分管10家供应站，每站有1名主任，负责问一定范围内的客户销售和服务。天龙公司不仅服务于航空公司，也向成批订购盒装中、西餐的单位提供所需食品。天龙公司雇用所有需要的厨房工作人员，采购全部原料，并按客户要求的规格，烹制订购的食品。供应站主任要负责订计划，编预算，监控分管指定客户的销售服务员等活动。罗芸上任的头一年，主要是巡视各供应站，了解业务情况，熟悉各站的所有工作人员。通过巡视，他收获不少，也增加了自信。罗芸手下的10名主任中资历最老的是马伯兰。他只念过一年大专，后来就进了大龙，从厨房代班长干起，三年多前当上了如今这个供应站主任。近一年的接触，罗芸了解了老马的长处和缺点。老马很善于和他重视的人，包括他的部下和客户们搞好关系。他的客户都是“铁杆”，三年来没一个转向天龙的对手去订货的；他招来的部下，经过他指点培养，有好几位已被提升，当上其他地区的经理了。不过他的不良饮食习惯给他带来了严重的健康问题，身体过胖，心血管病加肌囊结石，使他这一年里请了三个月病假。其实医生早给过他警告，他置若罔闻。再则，他太爱表现自己了，做了—点小事，也要打电话向罗芸表功。他给罗芸打电话的次数，超过其他9位主任的电话数总和。罗芸觉得过去共过事的人没有一人是这样的。由于营业扩展，已盛传要给罗芸添一名副手。老马已公开说过，站主任中他资格最老，他觉得这地区副经理非他莫属。但罗芸觉得老马若来当他的副手，真叫他受不了，两人管理风格太悬殊；再说，老马的行为准会激怒地区和公司的工作人员。正好年终考绩要到了。公正地讲，老马这一年的上作，总的来说，是千得挺不错的。天龙的年度考绩表总体评分是10分制，10分是最优；7—9分属良，虽然程度有所不同；5—6分合格、中等；3—4分是较差；1—2分最差。罗芸不知道该评老马几分。评高了，他就更认为该提升他；太低了，他准大为光火，会吵着说对他不公平。老马自我感觉良好，觉得跟别的主任比，他是鹤立鸡群。他性格开放豪迈，爱去造访客户，也爱跟手下人打成一片，他最得意的是指导部下某种新操作方法，卷起袖子亲自下厨，示范手艺。跟罗芸淡过几次后，他就知道罗芸讨厌他事无巨细，老打电话表功，有时一天两三次，不过他还是想止他知道自己干的每项成绩。他也知道罗芸对他不听医生劝告、饮食无节制的看法。他为自己学历不高但成绩斐然而自豪，觉得这回的副经理职位就该提拔他，而这只是他实现更大抱负的过程中的又一台阶而已。考虑再三后，罗芸给老马考绩总分评了个6分。他觉得这是有充足理由的：因为他不注意卫生，病假三个月。他知道这分数远低于老马的期望，但他要用充分说理来坚持自己评的分。然后他开始考虑给老马各考评维度的分项分数，并准备怎样跟老马面淡，向他传达所给的考绩结果。问题： 天龙公司的考绩制度有什么需要改进的地方？你建议该公司应做哪些改革？
工作职责分歧一个机床操作工把大量的机油洒在他机床周围的地面上。车间主任叫操作工把洒掉的机油清扫干净，操作了拒绝执行，理由是工作说明书里并没有包括清扫的条文。车间主任顾不上去查工作说明书上的原文，就找来一名服务工做清扫。但服务工同样拒绝，他的理由是下作说明书里也没有包括这一类工作。车间主任威胁说要把他解雇，因为这种服务工是分配到车间来做杂务的临时工。服务工勉强同意，但是干完之后立即向公司投诉。有关人员看了投拆后，审阅了三类人员的工作说明书：机床操作下、服务工和勤杂工。机床操作工的工作说明书规定：操作工有责任保持机床的清洁，使之处于可操作状态，但并未提及清扫地面。服务工的工作说明书规定：服务工有责任以各种方式协助操作工，如领取原材料和工具，随叫随到，即时服务，但也没有明确写明包括清扫工作。勤杂了的千作说明书中确实包含了各种形式的清扫，但是他的工作时间是从正常工人下班后开始。请你在认真读完该案例后，对下列问题做出选择： 你认为出现这一分歧的根本原因是：（）
54（）
MIDI enables people to use （） computers and electronic musical instruments. There are actually three components to MIDI, the communications " （） ", the Hardware interface and a distribution （） called "Standard MIDI Files". In the context of the WWW, the most interesting component is the （） Format. In principle, MIDI files contain sequences of MIDI Protocol messages. However, when MIDI Protocol （） are stored in MIDI files, the events are also time-stamped for playback in the proper sequence. Music delivered by MIDI files is the most common use of MIDI today. the Hardware interface and a distribution （） called "Standard MIDI Files".
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