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Section A There is one passage in this section followed by five questions. For each question, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice, then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the centre. The age at which young children begin to make moral discriminations about harmful actions committed against themselves or others has been the focus of recent research into the moral development of children. Until recently, child psychologists supported pioneer developmentalist Jean Piaget in his hypothesis that because of their immaturity, children under age seven do not take into account the intentions of a person committing accidental or deliberate harm, but rather simply assign punishment for transgressions on the basis of the magnitude of the negative consequences caused. According to Piaget, children under age seven occupy the first stage of moral development, which is characterized by moral absolutism (rules made by authorities must be obeyed) and imminent justice (if rules are broken, punishment will be meted out). Until young children mature, their moral judgments are based entirely on the effect rather than the cause of a transgression. However, in recent research, Keasey found that six-year-old children not only distinguish between accidental and intentional harm, but also judge intentional harm as naughtier, regardless of the amount of damage produced. Both of these findings seem to indicate that children, at an earlier age than Piaget claimed, advance into the second stage of moral development, moral autonomy, in which they accept social rules but view them as more arbitrary than do children in the first stage. Keasey’s research raises two key questions for developmental psychologists about children under age seven: do they recognize justifications for harmful actions, and do they make distinctions between harmful acts that are preventable and those acts that have unforeseen harmful consequences Studies indicate that justifications excusing harmful actions might include public duty, self-defense, and provocation. For example, Nesdale and Rule concluded that children were capable of considering whether or not an aggressor’s action was justified by public duty: five year olds reacted very differently to "Bonnie wrecks Ann’s pretend house" depending on whether Bonnie did it "so somebody won’t fall over it" or because Bonnie wanted "to make Ann feel bad". Thus, a child of five begins to understand that certain harmful actions, though intentional, can be justified; the constraints of moral absolutism no longer solely guide their judgments. Psychologists have determined that during kindergarten children learn to make subtle distinctions involving harm. Darley observed that among-acts involving unintentional harm, six-year-old children just entering kindergarten could not differentiate between foreseeable, and thus preventable, harm and unforeseeable harm for which the perpetrator cannot be blamed. Seven months later, however, Darley found that these same children could make both distinctions, thus demonstrating that they had become morally autonomous. Questions: Which of the following best describes the passage as a whole

An outline for future research
B. An expanded definition of commonly misunderstood terms
C. An analysis of a dispute between two theories
D. A discussion of research findings in an ongoing inquiry

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乡村医生在执业活动中的权利和义务是什么

王××,男,23岁,因发热4天,气促1天,于2002年8月15日凌晨入院。患者8月11日起无明显诱因感畏寒、发热,体温达39.3℃,伴头痛、乏力等,在当地卫生所诊断为“感冒”,给予退热等处理病情无好转,8月14日出现咳嗽、咳痰,且痰中有少量血丝,再次就诊于卫生所, 给予青霉素160万U肌注,2 h后病情加重,体温升高达40℃,伴明显畏寒、寒战,并感气促,痰中血量增多。即来我院就诊入院。半个月前,患者在当地农村参加田间劳动。体查:体温40.1℃,脉搏137次/分, 呼吸40次/分,血压80/50 mmHg。急性重病容,神志欠精楚,烦躁不安,双侧腹股沟及腋下可扪及数个蚕豆大小的淋巴结,有触痛,皮肤、巩膜无黄染,眼结膜无充血量、出血点,颈软,气管居中,呼吸急促,双下肺可闻湿啰音,腹软,无压痛及反跳痛,肝、脾未扪及,双下肢无水肿,双膝反射正常,未引出病理反射征。血常规:血红蛋白120 g/L,白细胞8.9×109/L,中性粒细胞0.75,淋巴细胞0.25,血小板105×109/L。尿常规:尿蛋白(+)镜下白细胞 0~1/HP,红细胞0~2/HP。问题: 提出本病的诊断及诊断依据。

甲公司将1台挖掘机出租给乙公司,为担保乙公司依约支付租金,丙公司担任保证人,丁公司以机器设备设置抵押。乙公司欠付10万元租金时,经甲公司、丙公司和丁公司口头同意,将6万元租金债务转让给戊公司。之后,乙公司为现金周转将挖掘机分别以45万元和50万元的价格先后出卖给丙公司和丁公司,丙公司和丁公司均已付款,但乙公司没有依约交付挖掘机。 因乙公司一直未向甲公司支付租金,甲公司便将挖掘机以48万元的价格出卖给王某,约定由乙公司直接将挖掘机交付给王某,王某首期付款20万元,尾款28万元待收到挖掘机后支付。此事,甲公司通知了乙公司。 王某未及取得挖掘机便死亡。王某临终立遗嘱,其遗产由其子大王和小王继承,遗嘱还指定小王为遗嘱执行人。因大王一直在外地工作,同意王某遗产由小王保管,没有进行遗产分割。在此期间,小王将挖掘机出卖给方某,没有征得大王的同意。 请回答第下列题。 关于小王将挖掘机卖给方某的行为,下列表述正确的是:(民法——合同法)

A. 小王尚未取得对挖掘机的占有,不得将其出卖给方某
B. 小王出卖挖掘机应当取得大王的同意
C. 大王对小王出卖挖掘机的行为可以追认
D. 小王是王某遗嘱的执行人,出卖挖掘机不需要大王的同意

Section C In this section, there is one passage followed by five incomplete sentences. Read the passage carefully, and then complete each sentence in a maximum of 10 words. Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet. Madrid, Spain—The laughter of children still spills over the walls of St. John the Baptist School. But it’s quite as loud these days. There are fewer children at the Madrid School—just like at other schools all across Spain. Births in Spain have gone from boom—when couples commonly had a half-dozen children and dictator Francisco Franco rewarded the largest families—to bust. Spanish women are having fewer babies than women of any other country in the world—an average of 1.24 per woman, according to a 1996 report by the Council of Europe. Spanish demographers say the rate has since fallen to 1.21. Indeed, many European countries have low birth rates, giving the Continent an overall average of 1.5 births per woman. Italy is not far behind Spain, with a rate of 1.26. Germany and Greece follow at 1.35 and Austria and Russia at 1.4. The birth rate is 2.1 in US. Experts say an economic crunch, the increase of women getting jobs, and society’s distancing from the Roman Catholic Church and its ban on contraception are behind Spain having the world’s lowest birth rate. For four-year-old Daniel Benito, an energetic boy with dark, sparkling eyes, it means he eats breakfast and lunch at St. John the Baptist because both his parents go to work early. And he has no brothers or sisters to play with at home. On the plus side, as an only child, Daniel gets lots of toys and new clothes. In fact as Spain’s birth rate slides to new lows, sales of toys, children’s clothes and baby food are increasing. "There are fewer kids, but now they are richer kids," said sociologist Alfredo Campo. "Before, mothers used to make food for their babies. Now, nobody makes their own baby food ; they all buy ready-to-eat baby food. And mothers don’t have the time to be knitting baby booties." Parents note that when they grew up in large families, they often wore hand-me-down clothes, received gifts only once or twice a year and used their imagination to make up games. The new generation may be getting somewhat spoiled. "The children come to school with their toys from home. If their toy breaks, they really don’t mind." Said Sagrario Pinto, director of St. John the Baptist’s preschool and kindergarten. "Their attitude is, ’Oh well, mommy will buy me a new one.’ They don’t value what they have. " With more women joining the work force, it appears the days of Spanish couples having large families is a thing of the past. After working long hours, journalist Sylvia Carrasco rushes home weeknights from work to spend precious moments with her only child, five-year-old Manuel, before his bedtime. Like many women, Carasco was torn between having more children and her career. After much thought, she and her husband decided they did not have enough time to devote to a second child. "As it is, we barely have the time to play with Manuel," she said, "I cannot stay home full time. I like to work outside the home—I’d never give it up." One woman who climbed the career ladder in government complains that fathers with working wives don’t do enough to help care for the children. "In a chauvinistic society, when a woman joins the work force it means double the amount of work for that woman," said Amalia Gomez, secretary-general of the social affairs Ministry and a mother of two. "If women can go to work and count on the man to shoulder some of the responsibility of the home, they’ll have more children." They said global population would more likely grow from the current 5.8 billion to 10 billion in 2050—still a big increase. And so far, the drop in school enrolment has meant improved student-teacher ratios. But with Spain loosening laws that made it difficult and costly to fire employees, the decrease in students may soon translate into teacher layoffs. The government is already allocating more money to social security because of Spain’ s aging population. But the government no longer encourages women to have more babies, as Franco did during his 1939-1975 rule. Some observers predict a swing back to couples having more babies, although not as many as before. "I believe in cycles," Gomez said. "Eventually it always comes around. " QUESTIONS: Births in Spain have ______ and Spanish women have ______ in the world.

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