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Unpopular Subjects Is there a place in today’s society for the study of useless subjects in our universities Just over 100 years ago Fitzgerald argued in a well-written letter 1 Nature that "Universities must be allowed to study useless subjects— 2 they don’t, who will He went on to use the 3 of Maxwell’s electrodynamics (电动力学) as one case where a "useless subject" has been transformed to a useful subject. Nowadays this argument is again very much 4 in many universities. Indeed one suspects that it is one of those arguments that must be 5 anew (重新) by each generation. But now there is an added twist subjects must not only be useful, they must also be 6 enough that students will flock (蜂拥) to do them, and even flock to pay to do them. As universities become commercial operations, the pressure to 7 subjects or departments that are less popular will become stronger and stronger. Perhaps this is most strongly 8 at the moment by physics. There has been much 9 in the press of universities that are closing down physics departments and incorporate them with mathematics or engineering departments. Many scientists think otherwise. They see physics as a 10 science, which must be kept alive if only to 11 a base for other sciences and engineering. It is of their great personal concern that physics teaching and research is under 12 in many universities. How Can it be preserved in the rush towards commercial competition A major turnaround (转变) in student popularity may have to 13 until the industrial world discovers that it needs physicists and starts paying them well. Physics is now not only unpopular; it is also "hard". We can do more about the latter by 14 teaching in our schools and universities. We can also 15 cooperative arrangements to ensure that physicists keep their research and teaching up to date.
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The Tiniest Electric Motor in the World 1. Scientists recently made public the tiniest electric motor ever built. You could stuff hundreds of them into the period at the end of this sentence. One day a similar engine might power a tiny mechanical doctor that would travel through your body to remove your disease. 2. The motor works by shuffling atoms between two molten metal droplets (小滴) in a carbon nanotube. One droplet is even smaller than the other. When a small electric current is applied to the droplets, atoms slowly get out of the larger droplet and join the smaller one. The small droplet grows—but never gets as big as the other droplet—and eventually bumps into the large droplet. As they touch, the large droplet rapidly sops up the atoms it had previously lost. This quick shift in energy produces a power stroke. 3. The technique exploits the fact that surface tension—the tendency of atoms or molecules to resist separating—becomes more important at small scales. Surface tension is the same thing that allows some insects to walk on water. 4. Although the amount of energy produced is small—20 microwatts—it is quite impressive in relation to the tiny scale of the motor. The whole setup is less than 200 nanometers on a side, or hundreds of times smaller than the width of a human hair. If it could be scaled up to the size of an automobile engine, it would be 100 million times more powerful than a Toyota Camry’s 225 horsepower V6 engine. 5. In 1988, Professor Richard Muller and colleagues made the first operating micrometer, which was 100 microns across, or about the thickness of a human hair. In 2003, Zettl’s group created the first nanoscale motor. In 2006, they built a nanoconveyor, which moves tiny particles along like cars in a factory. 6. Nanotechnology engineers try to mimic nature, building things atom by atom. Among other things, nanomotors could be used in optical circuits to redirect light, a process called optical switching. Futurists envision a day when nanomachines, powered by nanomotors, travel inside your body to find disease and repair damaged cells. A．An Introduction of a Toyota’s 225 Horsepower V6 Engine B．A Description of the Nanomotor in Terms of Power and Size C．Surface Tension D．Previous Inventions of Nanoscale Products E．The Working Principle of the Nanomotor F．Possible Fields of Application in the Future Paragraph 6 ______
Unpopular Subjects Is there a place in today’s society for the study of useless subjects in our universities Just over 100 years ago Fitzgerald argued in a well-written letter 1 Nature that "Universities must be allowed to study useless subjects— 2 they don’t, who will He went on to use the 3 of Maxwell’s electrodynamics (电动力学) as one case where a "useless subject" has been transformed to a useful subject. Nowadays this argument is again very much 4 in many universities. Indeed one suspects that it is one of those arguments that must be 5 anew (重新) by each generation. But now there is an added twist subjects must not only be useful, they must also be 6 enough that students will flock (蜂拥) to do them, and even flock to pay to do them. As universities become commercial operations, the pressure to 7 subjects or departments that are less popular will become stronger and stronger. Perhaps this is most strongly 8 at the moment by physics. There has been much 9 in the press of universities that are closing down physics departments and incorporate them with mathematics or engineering departments. Many scientists think otherwise. They see physics as a 10 science, which must be kept alive if only to 11 a base for other sciences and engineering. It is of their great personal concern that physics teaching and research is under 12 in many universities. How Can it be preserved in the rush towards commercial competition A major turnaround (转变) in student popularity may have to 13 until the industrial world discovers that it needs physicists and starts paying them well. Physics is now not only unpopular; it is also "hard". We can do more about the latter by 14 teaching in our schools and universities. We can also 15 cooperative arrangements to ensure that physicists keep their research and teaching up to date.
The Tiniest Electric Motor in the World 1. Scientists recently made public the tiniest electric motor ever built. You could stuff hundreds of them into the period at the end of this sentence. One day a similar engine might power a tiny mechanical doctor that would travel through your body to remove your disease. 2. The motor works by shuffling atoms between two molten metal droplets (小滴) in a carbon nanotube. One droplet is even smaller than the other. When a small electric current is applied to the droplets, atoms slowly get out of the larger droplet and join the smaller one. The small droplet grows—but never gets as big as the other droplet—and eventually bumps into the large droplet. As they touch, the large droplet rapidly sops up the atoms it had previously lost. This quick shift in energy produces a power stroke. 3. The technique exploits the fact that surface tension—the tendency of atoms or molecules to resist separating—becomes more important at small scales. Surface tension is the same thing that allows some insects to walk on water. 4. Although the amount of energy produced is small—20 microwatts—it is quite impressive in relation to the tiny scale of the motor. The whole setup is less than 200 nanometers on a side, or hundreds of times smaller than the width of a human hair. If it could be scaled up to the size of an automobile engine, it would be 100 million times more powerful than a Toyota Camry’s 225 horsepower V6 engine. 5. In 1988, Professor Richard Muller and colleagues made the first operating micrometer, which was 100 microns across, or about the thickness of a human hair. In 2003, Zettl’s group created the first nanoscale motor. In 2006, they built a nanoconveyor, which moves tiny particles along like cars in a factory. 6. Nanotechnology engineers try to mimic nature, building things atom by atom. Among other things, nanomotors could be used in optical circuits to redirect light, a process called optical switching. Futurists envision a day when nanomachines, powered by nanomotors, travel inside your body to find disease and repair damaged cells. A．An Introduction of a Toyota’s 225 Horsepower V6 Engine B．A Description of the Nanomotor in Terms of Power and Size C．Surface Tension D．Previous Inventions of Nanoscale Products E．The Working Principle of the Nanomotor F．Possible Fields of Application in the Future Surface tension means the tendency of atoms or molecules to ______.
Unpopular Subjects Is there a place in today’s society for the study of useless subjects in our universities Just over 100 years ago Fitzgerald argued in a well-written letter 1 Nature that "Universities must be allowed to study useless subjects— 2 they don’t, who will He went on to use the 3 of Maxwell’s electrodynamics (电动力学) as one case where a "useless subject" has been transformed to a useful subject. Nowadays this argument is again very much 4 in many universities. Indeed one suspects that it is one of those arguments that must be 5 anew (重新) by each generation. But now there is an added twist subjects must not only be useful, they must also be 6 enough that students will flock (蜂拥) to do them, and even flock to pay to do them. As universities become commercial operations, the pressure to 7 subjects or departments that are less popular will become stronger and stronger. Perhaps this is most strongly 8 at the moment by physics. There has been much 9 in the press of universities that are closing down physics departments and incorporate them with mathematics or engineering departments. Many scientists think otherwise. They see physics as a 10 science, which must be kept alive if only to 11 a base for other sciences and engineering. It is of their great personal concern that physics teaching and research is under 12 in many universities. How Can it be preserved in the rush towards commercial competition A major turnaround (转变) in student popularity may have to 13 until the industrial world discovers that it needs physicists and starts paying them well. Physics is now not only unpopular; it is also "hard". We can do more about the latter by 14 teaching in our schools and universities. We can also 15 cooperative arrangements to ensure that physicists keep their research and teaching up to date.
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