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Health Care in the USHealth care in the US is well-known but very expensive. Paying the doctor"s bill after a major illness or accident can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars.In the US, a person"s company, not the government, pays for health insurance. Employers have contracts with insurance companies, which pay for all or part of employees "doctors" bills.The amount that the insurance company will pay out to a patient differs wildly. It all depends on what insurance the employer pays. The less the boss pays to the insurance company, the more the employee has to pay the hospital each time he or she gets sick. In 2004, the average worker paid an extra US $558 a year, according to a San Francisco report.The system also means many Americans fall through the cracks (遭遗漏). In 2004, only 61 per cent of the population received health insurance through their employers, according to the report. The unemployed, self-employed, part-time workers and graduated students with no jobs were not included.Most US university students have a gap between their last day of school and their first day on the job. Often, they are no longer protected by their parents" insurance because they are now considered independent adults. They also cannot buy university health insurance because they are no longer students.Another group that falls through the gap of the US system is international students. All are required to have health insurance and cannot begin their classes without it. But exact policies (保险单) differ from school to school.Most universities work with health insurance companies and sell their own standard plan for students. Often, buying the school plan is required, but luckily it"s also cheaper than buying direct from the insurance company. In the US, graduated students with no jobs can buy university health insurance.
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Smoking Can Increase Depressive Symptoms in TeensWhile some teenagers may puff on cigarettes to "self-medicate" (自我治疗) against the blues (忧郁), scientists at the University of Toronto and the University of Montreal have found that smoking may actually 1 depressive symptoms in some teens."This observational study is one of the few to examine the perceived 2 benefits of smoking among teens," says lead researcher Michael Chariton, a research associate at the Ontario Tobacco Research Unit of the University of Toronto. " 3 cigarettes may appear to have self-medicating effects or to improve mood, in the long 4 we found that teens who started to smoke reported higher depressive symptoms. "As part of the study, some 662 high school teenagers completed up to 20 questionnaires about their use of cigarettes to 5 mood. Secondary schools were selected to provide a mix of French and English participants, urban and rural schools, and schools 6 in high, moderate and low socioeconomic neighborhoods.Participants were divided into three 7 : never smokers; smokers who did not use cigarettes to self-medicate improve mood or physical 8 ; smokers who used cigarettes to self-medicate. Depressive symptoms were measured using a scale that asked how often participants felt too tired to do things; had 9 going to sleep or staying asleep; felt unhappy, sad, or depressed; felt hopeless about the future; felt anxious or tense; and worried too much about things."Smokers who used cigarettes as mood 10 had higher risks of elevated (提升) depressive symptoms 11 teens who had never smoked," says co-researcher Jennifer O"Loughlin, a professor at the University of Montreal Department of Social and Preventive Medicine. "Our study found that teen smokers who reported emotional benefits from smoking are 12 higher risk of depressive symptoms."The 13 between depression and smoking exits 14 among that use cigarettes to feel better. " It"s 15 to emphasize that depressive symptom scores were higher among teenagers who reported emotional benefits from smoking after they began to smoke," says Dr. Chariton.
Health Care in the USHealth care in the US is well-known but very expensive. Paying the doctor"s bill after a major illness or accident can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars.In the US, a person"s company, not the government, pays for health insurance. Employers have contracts with insurance companies, which pay for all or part of employees "doctors" bills.The amount that the insurance company will pay out to a patient differs wildly. It all depends on what insurance the employer pays. The less the boss pays to the insurance company, the more the employee has to pay the hospital each time he or she gets sick. In 2004, the average worker paid an extra US $558 a year, according to a San Francisco report.The system also means many Americans fall through the cracks (遭遗漏). In 2004, only 61 per cent of the population received health insurance through their employers, according to the report. The unemployed, self-employed, part-time workers and graduated students with no jobs were not included.Most US university students have a gap between their last day of school and their first day on the job. Often, they are no longer protected by their parents" insurance because they are now considered independent adults. They also cannot buy university health insurance because they are no longer students.Another group that falls through the gap of the US system is international students. All are required to have health insurance and cannot begin their classes without it. But exact policies (保险单) differ from school to school.Most universities work with health insurance companies and sell their own standard plan for students. Often, buying the school plan is required, but luckily it"s also cheaper than buying direct from the insurance company. The international students in the US work harder than the American students.
Smoking Can Increase Depressive Symptoms in TeensWhile some teenagers may puff on cigarettes to "self-medicate" (自我治疗) against the blues (忧郁), scientists at the University of Toronto and the University of Montreal have found that smoking may actually 1 depressive symptoms in some teens."This observational study is one of the few to examine the perceived 2 benefits of smoking among teens," says lead researcher Michael Chariton, a research associate at the Ontario Tobacco Research Unit of the University of Toronto. " 3 cigarettes may appear to have self-medicating effects or to improve mood, in the long 4 we found that teens who started to smoke reported higher depressive symptoms. "As part of the study, some 662 high school teenagers completed up to 20 questionnaires about their use of cigarettes to 5 mood. Secondary schools were selected to provide a mix of French and English participants, urban and rural schools, and schools 6 in high, moderate and low socioeconomic neighborhoods.Participants were divided into three 7 : never smokers; smokers who did not use cigarettes to self-medicate improve mood or physical 8 ; smokers who used cigarettes to self-medicate. Depressive symptoms were measured using a scale that asked how often participants felt too tired to do things; had 9 going to sleep or staying asleep; felt unhappy, sad, or depressed; felt hopeless about the future; felt anxious or tense; and worried too much about things."Smokers who used cigarettes as mood 10 had higher risks of elevated (提升) depressive symptoms 11 teens who had never smoked," says co-researcher Jennifer O"Loughlin, a professor at the University of Montreal Department of Social and Preventive Medicine. "Our study found that teen smokers who reported emotional benefits from smoking are 12 higher risk of depressive symptoms."The 13 between depression and smoking exits 14 among that use cigarettes to feel better. " It"s 15 to emphasize that depressive symptom scores were higher among teenagers who reported emotional benefits from smoking after they began to smoke," says Dr. Chariton.
The Science of Sport1. At the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, the Chinese athlete Liu Xiang equaled the world record for the 110 meters hurdles (跨栏) when he ran the race in 12.91 seconds. This record time had been set in 1993 by British sprinter (短跑运动员) Colin Jackson and 9 years went by before another athlete was able to run as fast.2. Record-breaking in all track events is slowing down and we appear to be moving much closer to the limits of human performance. Nevertheless, every four years, records which were previously thought to be unbeatable are broken. So what"s behind this, never-ending improvement in performance And how long can we keep breaking records Is there a limit to human performance or will athletes continue to gain seconds3. Most experts agree that it isn"t the athletes" bodies which have changed but the huge advances in sport science which have enabled them to improve their performances. The individual athlete obviously has to have the necessary skill and determination to succeed, but the help of science and technology can be significant. Research has brought a better understanding of the athlete"s body and mind, but the advances in sports equipment technology have also had an important impact on human performance.4. Scientists have shown that an athlete"s body"s needs vary according to the type of sport. This research has helped top sports people to adapt their training program and diet better to their particular needs. Running the marathon and cycling, for example, are endurance (耐力) sports and require a different parathion (硝苯硫磷脂) to that of a 100-meter sprinter. In some sports, changes in techniques have significantly improved performance.5. But in any sport, a player"s success or failure results from a combination of both physical and mental abilities. Most coaches use psychological techniques to help their athletes cope with stress and concentrate on their performance. For example, the English football team listens to music in the changing rooms before a game to help the players to relax and not feel so nervous. Before a difficult match, tennis players are encouraged to use visualization (想像) techniques to build confidence and this is almost as good as practice.6. But as science begins to dominate the sport, are we in danger of losing sight of the heart of the competition, the sporting challenge What"s more, are all these advantages fair We don"t know if there is a limit ______.
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