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The liberal view of democratic citizenship that developed in the 17th and 18th centuries was fundamentally different from that of the classical Greeks. The pursuit of private interests with as little interference as possible from government was seen as the road to human happiness and progress rather than the public obligations and involvement in the collective community that were emphasized by the Greeks. Freedom was to be realized by limiting the scope of governmental activity and political obligation and not through immersion in the collective life of the polis. The basic role of the citizen was to select governmental leaders and keep the powers and scope of public authority in check. On the liberal view, the rights of citizens against the state were the focus of special emphasis.Over time, the liberal democratic notion of citizenship developed in two directions. First, there was a movement to increase the proportion of members of society who were eligible to participate as citizens especially through extending the right of suffrage—and to ensure the basic political equality of all. Second, there was a broadening of the legitimate activities of government and a use of governmental power to redress imbalances in social and economic life. Political citizenship became an instrument through which groups and classes with sufficient numbers of votes could use the state power to enhance their social and economic well-being.Within the general liberal view of democratic citizenship, tensions have developed over the degree to which government can and should be used as an instrument for promoting happiness and well-being. Political philosopher Martin Diamond has categorized two views of democracy as follows. On the one hand, there is the "libertarian" perspective that stresses the private pursuit of happiness and emphasizes the necessity for restraint on government and protection of individual liberties. On the other hand, there is the "majoritarian" view that emphasizes the "task of the government to uplift and aid the common man against the malefactors of great wealth." The tensions between these two views are very evident today. Taxpayer revolts and calls for smaller government and less government regulation clash with demands for greater government involvement in economic marketplace and the social sphere. The author"s primary purpose is to ______
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Washington DC has traditionally been an unbalanced city when it comes to the life of the mind. It has great national monuments, from the Smithsonian museums to the Library of Congress. But day-to-day cultural life can be thin. It attracts some of the country"s best brains. But far too much of the city"s intellectual life is devoted to the minutiae of the political process. Dinner table conversation can all too easily turn to budget reconciliation or social security.This is changing. On October 1st the Shakespeare Theatre Company opened a 775-seat new theatre in the heart of downtown. Sidney Harman Hall not only provides a new stage for a theatre company that has hitherto had to make do with the 450-seat Lansburgh Theatre around the comer. It will also provide a platform for a large number of smaller arts companies such as the Washington Ballet, the Washington Bach Consort and the CityDance Ensemble.The fact that so many of these outfits are queuing up to perform is testimony to Washington"s cultural vitality. The recently-expanded Kennedy Centre is by some measures the busiest performing arts complex in America. But it still has a growing number of arts groups which are desperate for mid-sized space downtown. Michael Kahn, the theatre company"s artistic director, jokes that, despite Washington"s aversion to keeping secrets, it has made a pretty good job of keeping quiet about its artistic life. The Harman Centre should act as a whistle blower.Washington still bows the knee to New York and Chicago when it comes to culture. But it has a good claim to be America"s intellectual capital. It has the greatest collection of think-tanks on the planet, and it regularly sucks in a giant share of the country"s best brains. Washington is second only to San Francisco for the proportion of residents 25 years and older with a bachelor"s degree or higher.Washington"s intellectual life has been supercharged during the Bush years, despite the Decider"s aversion to ideas. September 11th, 2001, put questions of global strategy at the centre of the national debate. Most of America"s intellectual centres are firmly in the grip of the left-liberal establishment. For all their talk of "diversity" American universities are allergic to a diversity of ideas. Washington is one of the few cities where conservatives regularly do battle with liberals. It is also the centre of a fierce debate about the future direction of conservatism.The danger for Washington is that this intellectual and cultural renaissance will leave the majority of the citizens untouched. The capital remains a city deeply divided between over-educated white itinerants and under-educated black locals. Still, the new Shakespeare theatre is part of job-generating downtown revival. Twenty years ago downtown was a desert of dilapidated buildings and bag people. Today it is bustling with life. If Washington is struggling to fix the world, at least it is making a reasonable job of fixing itself. By saying Washington DC has been "an unbalanced city", the author means that ______
The liberal view of democratic citizenship that developed in the 17th and 18th centuries was fundamentally different from that of the classical Greeks. The pursuit of private interests with as little interference as possible from government was seen as the road to human happiness and progress rather than the public obligations and involvement in the collective community that were emphasized by the Greeks. Freedom was to be realized by limiting the scope of governmental activity and political obligation and not through immersion in the collective life of the polis. The basic role of the citizen was to select governmental leaders and keep the powers and scope of public authority in check. On the liberal view, the rights of citizens against the state were the focus of special emphasis.Over time, the liberal democratic notion of citizenship developed in two directions. First, there was a movement to increase the proportion of members of society who were eligible to participate as citizens especially through extending the right of suffrage—and to ensure the basic political equality of all. Second, there was a broadening of the legitimate activities of government and a use of governmental power to redress imbalances in social and economic life. Political citizenship became an instrument through which groups and classes with sufficient numbers of votes could use the state power to enhance their social and economic well-being.Within the general liberal view of democratic citizenship, tensions have developed over the degree to which government can and should be used as an instrument for promoting happiness and well-being. Political philosopher Martin Diamond has categorized two views of democracy as follows. On the one hand, there is the "libertarian" perspective that stresses the private pursuit of happiness and emphasizes the necessity for restraint on government and protection of individual liberties. On the other hand, there is the "majoritarian" view that emphasizes the "task of the government to uplift and aid the common man against the malefactors of great wealth." The tensions between these two views are very evident today. Taxpayer revolts and calls for smaller government and less government regulation clash with demands for greater government involvement in economic marketplace and the social sphere. All of the following are characteristics of the liberal idea of government as distinct from the Greek idea of government EXCEPT ______
阅读以下文字，完成问题。细胞是人体和其他生物体的基本结构与功能单位。细胞膜将细胞内液和细胞外液分隔开来，使细胞独立于外部环境的变化而保持相对稳定的状态。维持内环境处于稳定状态是机体执行正常生理功能的必要条件，而这种状态的维持有赖于细胞内、外离子浓度的动态平衡。很早以来人们就知道，包括人体细胞在内的所有活细胞，其细胞内液和细胞外液中钠离子和钾离子的浓度有很大不同。以神经细胞为例，正常状态下细胞内钾离子浓度约为胞外的30倍，而膜外的钠离子浓度约为膜内的12倍。这种存在于细胞膜两侧带电离子分布的不均匀性，是跨细胞膜离子电流和神经细胞电信号产生的基础。由脂质双分子层所构成的细胞膜，在理论上只能允许脂溶性物质渗透。但是在膜结构中一些特殊蛋白质分子的“帮助”下，钠、钾、钙、氯等带电离子可以顺着它们各自的浓度差，由膜的高浓度一侧快速移向另一侧。在这个过程中，对于那些专门用来帮助带电离子进出细胞的通道，我们就称之为“离子通道”。通过产生跨膜离子电流，离子通道参与机体许多重要的生理过程，如神经信号的产生和传导，细胞生长、发育和运动，受精，激素和神经递质分泌等等。因此，不难理解离子通道的功能异常会导致疾病产生。离子通道存在于所有的细胞中，参与包括心脏起搏在内的许多重要生命过程，而且是药物发挥作用的主要靶分子之一。也就是说，药物容易和离子通道相结合，从而产生药理效应或者副作用。随着膜片钳和分子生物学技术的发展和广泛应用，近20年来，科学家们对离子通道的结合和功能都有了深入的认识。我们现在知道，离子通道是由蛋白质单体或多聚复合体构成的一种亲水性孔道。它们具有选择性，不同的离子各自具有高度专一的通道，以致常常根据通道所特异通透的离子来命名此通道，例如钠通道、钾通道、钙通道、氯通道等。这么多离子通道中，有些是自发性持续开放的，有些是受到神经递质或者电位变化等外部刺激而瞬间打开的。此外，根据离子的带电性质，又可将其分为阳离子通道和阴离子通道。[ ]离子通道所进行的科学研究，大大[ ]了神经科学、肌肉细胞生理学以及上皮细胞生理学的发展，几代科学家为离子通道研究所付出的努力也得到了国际科学界的充分[ ]。 文中[ ]处，应填入的词语是______。
阅读以下文字，完成问题。细胞是人体和其他生物体的基本结构与功能单位。细胞膜将细胞内液和细胞外液分隔开来，使细胞独立于外部环境的变化而保持相对稳定的状态。维持内环境处于稳定状态是机体执行正常生理功能的必要条件，而这种状态的维持有赖于细胞内、外离子浓度的动态平衡。很早以来人们就知道，包括人体细胞在内的所有活细胞，其细胞内液和细胞外液中钠离子和钾离子的浓度有很大不同。以神经细胞为例，正常状态下细胞内钾离子浓度约为胞外的30倍，而膜外的钠离子浓度约为膜内的12倍。这种存在于细胞膜两侧带电离子分布的不均匀性，是跨细胞膜离子电流和神经细胞电信号产生的基础。由脂质双分子层所构成的细胞膜，在理论上只能允许脂溶性物质渗透。但是在膜结构中一些特殊蛋白质分子的“帮助”下，钠、钾、钙、氯等带电离子可以顺着它们各自的浓度差，由膜的高浓度一侧快速移向另一侧。在这个过程中，对于那些专门用来帮助带电离子进出细胞的通道，我们就称之为“离子通道”。通过产生跨膜离子电流，离子通道参与机体许多重要的生理过程，如神经信号的产生和传导，细胞生长、发育和运动，受精，激素和神经递质分泌等等。因此，不难理解离子通道的功能异常会导致疾病产生。离子通道存在于所有的细胞中，参与包括心脏起搏在内的许多重要生命过程，而且是药物发挥作用的主要靶分子之一。也就是说，药物容易和离子通道相结合，从而产生药理效应或者副作用。随着膜片钳和分子生物学技术的发展和广泛应用，近20年来，科学家们对离子通道的结合和功能都有了深入的认识。我们现在知道，离子通道是由蛋白质单体或多聚复合体构成的一种亲水性孔道。它们具有选择性，不同的离子各自具有高度专一的通道，以致常常根据通道所特异通透的离子来命名此通道，例如钠通道、钾通道、钙通道、氯通道等。这么多离子通道中，有些是自发性持续开放的，有些是受到神经递质或者电位变化等外部刺激而瞬间打开的。此外，根据离子的带电性质，又可将其分为阳离子通道和阴离子通道。[ ]离子通道所进行的科学研究，大大[ ]了神经科学、肌肉细胞生理学以及上皮细胞生理学的发展，几代科学家为离子通道研究所付出的努力也得到了国际科学界的充分[ ]。 最适合作文章标题的一项是______。
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