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Business communicationOne of the most important features in any business is communication. Good communications are required at all stages of the business process. Businesses employ, and are owned and run by, various groups of people. Workers, directors and shareholders are three important groups closely (21) with a business. Other influential groups include customers, suppliers and the government.Communication (22) between these groups and the individuals who make up the groups. Within (23) companies internal communications occur at, and between the various levels. Directors communicate with one another concerning the company’s overall strategy. They (24) managers of their plans, and the, managers then communicate with the other employees. (25) are conducted concerning pay and working conditions. Managers communicate decisions and orders and try to (26) morale and motivation through good communication. Employees (27) communicate with each other, for example over production and wages.External communication occurs when a company’s directors or employees communicate with those individuals and groups who (28) with the company. Shareholders receive copies of the company’s annual accounts, together with the (29) of the Chairman and Directors. Government departments require statistical and financial information from the company. An advertising agency is (30) about the company’s advertising policies. Customers need to know if goods have not been dispatched and suppliers contacted if their goods have not been delivered. Reliable and effective communication is one of the key elements which leads to efficient management of a company. 27（）
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Every year British universities turn out 15,000 graduates in business studies. Many dream that they will one day be running a major business, wielding power and influencing markets. But only a very few will climb to the top and realise their fantasies. For the rest, compromise, disappointment, mediocrity and an alternative career away from the mainstream action will be their let. Peter Blackburn is chairman and chief executive of Nestle UK, which employs more than 12,000 people and has a turnover of ￡ 1.8 billion. His advice to those who wish to move ahead of the pack is as straightforward as the man. "Take all your qualifications seriously. Although many top executives do not have first-class honours and it is often a disadvantage to be an intellectual, qualifications are increasingly important, as is the quest for improvement. ""1 do feel that an international dimension helps every career. It says something about the person and if they have worked in another language, it gives a manager the important dimension of realising that each market is part of something bigger. Also it is always important in any career to keep your options open as events can take an unexpected turn. When they did for me, I acted accordingly. I still have to pinch myself to remind myself what I am doing. Even 10 years ago I didn’t think this is what I would end up having achieved.""In the end, those that get right to the top retain their "people touch", which can be very difficult as one gets swept up on the fast track of corporate life. But those who never forget where they have come from and keep their feet on the ground have a real advantage. The important thing is that you should never ask someone else to do something you couldn’t do yourself. I am always looking for those who have the determination, the steel to see through our corporate objectives. I also want managers who can be role models for the next generation, people who will be an inspiration."Blackburn started out working for a small confectionery company and was responsible for clearing up a major financial scandal when it was taken over by a larger company, Rowntrees. This was a project which marked him out and gave him visibility in Rowntrees. While many successful careers can easily be seen as an almost predictable procession, there are always one or two moments when success in a project promotes the executive, bringing star quality and something of an aura. However, if at the decisive moment a mistake is made, then the executive, instead of moving sharply forward, disappears into the pack and others are given their chance.When Rowntrees was later taken over by Nestle, Peter Blackburn went on television and argued against the takeover. When the dust settled, the winners rewarded their spirited adversary. "I have always believed in doing the best that I can in any situation. Sometimes you have to make difficult decisions and then it’s important to meet them square on. I have been fortunate in that the evolving company that I am now involved with has always believed in strong social values and has behaved as humanely as possible when it has been forced to close or to sell one of its businesses."Peter Blackburn’s career has been marked by two company takeovers. Many successful takeovers have been characterised by the new owners looking at the second layers of management and giving them a free rein. Mr. Blackburn has benefited from this process twice and says: "In both the takeovers I have been involved with, success has been achieved because the new owners have not gone in for wholesale clearouts. They have realised that it is the existing people who understand the business and they must be the platform for any growth.\ Peter Blackburn says that to compete successfully in the job market, people should （）.
REFERENCES CANNOT ALWAYS BE TRUSTED BYPOTENTIAL EMPLOYERS"Dull, but reliable, will make a good parent." So said a head teacher’s reference which was once sent for a s school-leaver. It amused me at the time, but said more about the referee than the candidate.Most references are unreliable, although recruiters usually ask for them. Few ask for character references today, as these have proved useless. (9) However, these cannot always be trusted. A few may be biased. (10) This can also occur if there has been friction between boss and subordinate over personal or business matters.On the other hand, there can also be positive bias. An employer who want to get rid of someone may fail to mention any relevant failings or even give a glowing report to help the individual go quickly. (11) But if they do, the law in Britain says they owe a duty of care to both the employer to whom it is supplied and to the individual to whom it refers.Most written references are unreliable because they are not specific enough. So how do you and a potential employer ensure that any reference given on your behalf is genuinely helpful (12) Employers normally expect two: one, your immediate superior in your current or most recent job, the other, your boss in the post before, so long as it was in the last five years or so.For a senior post, more may be required for their part, no prospective employer should approach your current employer until you have an offer subject to references and you have given permission. (13) Once you get the utter, and before giving permission to make contact, tell your boss and explain that the prospective employer will be asking for a reference. Do this face-to-face and during the meeting describe the job for which you have applied, if you can provide a job description or the relevant job advertisements, even better. (14) Even if your referee does express some doubts about your fitness for the Post, don’t worry, employees often prefer to back their own judgment.A. It would also be wrong for anyone to Contact your penultimate firm before then because word may reach your current employer on the grapevine.B. In fact, employers do not have to give references at all.C. These might include your boss’s immediate senior and someone at the same level as your boss who is familiar with your work.D. Your boss can then match the reference needs to the needs of the job.E. What they seek are references from previous employers.F. Some managers think it an act of disloyalty if an employee applies for a job elsewhere and will give poor reference or only weak praise.G. Firstly, as an employee, make sure you choose the right referees.H. It amused me at the time, but said more about the referee than the candidat 10（）
以下哪些是乳癌相关因素？（）
numbered. Roughly equal in size, the two have long been competing for the
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