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left the first company he worked for because it
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It took no time at all for the native Americans who first greeted Christopher Columbus to be all but erased from the face of the earth. For about a thousand years the peaceful people known as the Taino had thrived in modern-day Cuba and many other islands. But less than 30 years after Columbus’ arrival, the Taino would be destroyed by Spanish weaponry, forced labor and European diseases. Unlike their distant cousins, the Inca, Aztecs and Maya, the Taino left no pyramids or temples—no obvious signs that they had ever existed. But it is a mistake to assume—as many scholars have until quite recently—that the absence of abundant artifacts meant the Taino were necessarily more primitive than the grander civilizations of Central and South America. They simply used less durable materials: the Taino relied on wood for building and most craftwork, and much of what they made has disintegrated over the centuries. However, thanks largely to two remarkable digs undertaken recently, archaeologists will be able to enrich their knowledge of the Taino. There nearly intact remains of a Taino dwelling buried in the dirt. This site may have been one of the Taino’s major centers. Meanwhile, deep in the forests of the Dominican Republic, a U. S.-Dominican team has also made an important discovery: a 240-ft. deep Taino cenote, or ceremonial well, where hundreds of objects thrown in as offerings have been preserved in the oxygen-poor water. It will take a much longer time to understand the Taino fully, but they have been rescued from the ignoble status of footnotes in the chapter of history that began with the arrival of Columbus. Which statement is true concerning the Taino
When we think about addiction to drugs or alcohol, we frequently focus on negative aspects, ignoring the pleasures that accompany drinking or drug-taking. (21) the essence of any serious addiction is a pursuit of pleasure, a search for a "high" that normal life does not (22) . It is only the inability to function (23) the addictive substance that is dismaying, the dependence of the organism upon a certain experience and a(n) (24) inability to function normally without it. Thus a person will take two or three (25) at the end of the day not merely for the pleasure drinking provides, but also because he "doesn’t feel (26) " without them. (27) does not merely pursue a pleasurable experience and need to (28) it in order to function normally. He needs to repeat it again and again. Something about that particular experience makes life without it (29) complete. Other potentially pleasurable experiences axe no longer possible, (30) under the spell of the addictive experience, his life is peculiarly (31) . The addict craves an experience and yet he is never really satisfied. The organism may be (32) sated, but soon it begins to crave again. Finally a serious addiction is (33) a harmless pursuit of pleasure by its distinctly destructive elements. A heroin addict, for instance, leads a (34) life: his increasing need for heroin in increasing doses prevents him from Working, from maintaining relationships, from developing in human ways. (35) an alcoholic’s life is narrowed and dehumanized by his dependence on alcohol.
Already lasers can obliterate skin blemishes, topically applied drugs can smooth facial lines and injected agents can remove deep wrinkles. Future products will be faster, better and longer lasting. "New substances will be developed by entrepreneurs," says Brian Mayou, an aesthetic plastic surgeon, "that will be more successful than liquid silicone that we use today to eradicate wrinkles." The next major breakthrough, says Mel Braham, plastic surgeon and chief executive of the Harley Medical Group, will be laser treatment that needs no recovery period. Nicholas Lowe, clinical professor of dermatology at the University of Los Angeles, adds: "There will be more efficient anti-oxidants to help reduce sun damage and aging. There will also be substances that increase the production of new collagen and elastic tissue to maintain the elasticity of youthful skin." Lee Shreider, a research cosmetic chemist, says that we may be able to look better without any kind of operation as semi-permanent make-up gets better. "Crooked noses will be improved by effectively sealing on shaded colors that either enhance or subdue areas of the face. We will be able to straighten eyebrows and lips making the face more metrical—which remains one of the keys to beauty, and even close blocked pores with permanent, custom-designed foundation." The development of the safe Sun tan is a potential gold mine. Being researched at the University of Arizona, but a long way from reality, is the injectable tan. Professor Lowe is optimistic: "There will almost certainly be a safe way of developing a sunless tan that protects against sun damage. In animal research, we’ve applied creams to guinea pigs that can actually ’turn on’ some of the genes that produce pigmentation without any sunlight exposure.\ According to the passage, what has been used to remove deep wrinkles
While no woman has been President of the United States, yet the world does have several thousand years of experience with female leaders, and I have to acknowledge it: their historical record puts men’s to shame. A notable share of the great leaders in history have been women: Queen Hatshepsut and Cleopatra of Egypt, Empress Wu Zetian of China, Isabella of Castile, Queen Elizabeth I of England, Catherine the Great of Russia, and Maria Theresa of Austria. Granted, I’m neglecting the likes of Bloody Mary, but it’s still true that those women who climbed to power in monarchies had an astonishingly high success rate. Research by political psychologists points to possible explanations. Scholars find that women, compared with men, tend to excel in consensus-building and certain other skills useful in leadership. If so, why have female political leaders been so much less impressive in the democratic era Margaret Thatcher was a transformative figure, but women have been mediocre prime ministers or presidents in countries like Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, the Philippines and Indonesia. Often, they haven’t even addressed the urgent needs of women in those countries. I have a pet theory about what’s going on. In monarchies, women who rose to the top dealt mostly with a narrow elite, so they could prove themselves and get on with governing. But in democracies in the television age, female leaders also have to navigate public prejudices—and these make democratic politics far more challenging for a woman than for a man. In a common experiment, the "Goldberg paradigm", people are asked to evaluate a particular article or speech, supposedly by a man. Others are asked to evaluate the identical presentation, but from a woman. Typically, in countries all over the world, the very same words are rated higher coming from a man. In particular, one lesson from this research is that promoting their own successes is a helpful strategy for ambitious men. But experiments have demonstrated that when women highlight their accomplishments, that’s a turn-off. And women seem even more offended by self-promoting females than men are. This creates a huge challenge for ambitious women in politics or business: if they’re self-effacing, people find them unimpressive, but if" they talk up their accomplishments, they come across as pushy braggarts. The broader conundrum is that for women, but not for men, there is a tradeoff in qualities associated with top leadership. A woman can be perceived as competent or as likable, but not both. "It’s an uphill struggle, to be judged both a good woman and a good leader," said Rosabeth Moss Kanter, a Harvard Business School professor who is an expert on women in leadership. Professor Kanter added that a pioneer in a man’s word, like Hillary Rodham Clinton, also faces scrutiny on many more dimensions than a man—witness the public debate about Mrs. Clinton’s allegedly "thick ankles,"or the headlines last year about cleavage. Clothing and appearance generally matter more for women than for men, research shows. Surprisingly, several studies have found that it’s actually a disadvantage for a woman to be physically attractive when applying for a managerial job. Beautiful applicants received lower ratings, apparently because they were subconsciously pegged as stereotypically female and therefore unsuited for a job as a boss. Female leaders face these impossible judgments all over the world. An M. I. T. economist, Esther Duflo, looked at India, which has required female leaders in one-third of village councils since the mid-1990s. Professor Duflo and her colleagues found that by objective standards, the women ran the villages better than men. For example, women constructed and maintained wells better, and took fewer bribes. Yet ordinary villagers themselves judged the women as having done a worse job, and so most women were not re-elected. That seemed to result from prejudice. Professor Duflo asked villagers to listen to a speech, identical except that it was given by a man in some cases and by a woman in others. Villagers gave the speech much lower marks when it was given by a woman. Such prejudices can be overridden after voters actually see female leaders in action. While the first ones received dismal evaluations, the second round of female leaders in the villages were rated the same as men. "Exposure reduces prejudice," Professor Duflo suggested. Women have often quipped that they have to be twice as good as men to get anywhere—but that, fortunately, is not difficult. In fact, it appears that it may be difficult after all. Modern democracies may empower deep prejudices and thus constrain female leaders in ways that ancient monarchies did not. The second paragraph
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