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That Louise Johannes is believed by many critics to be the greatest twentieth-century sculptor is all the more remarkable because the greatest resistance to women artists has been, until recently, in the field of sculpture. Since Neolithic times, sculpture has been considered the prerogative of men, partly, perhaps, for purely physical reasons it was erroneously assumed that women were not suited for the hard manual labor required in sculpting stone, carving wood, or working in metal. It has been only during the twentieth century that women sculptors have been recognized as major artists, and it has been in the United States, especially since the decades of the fifties and sixties, that women sculptors have shown the greatest originality and creative power. Their rise to prominence parallels the development of sculpture itself in the United States, while there had been a few talented sculptors in the United States before the 1940’s. It was only after 1945 when New York was rapidly becoming the art capital of the world--that major sculpture was produced in the United States. Some of the best was the work of women. By far the most outstanding of these women is Louise Johannes, who in the eyes of many critics is the most original female artist alive today. One famous and influential critic Hilton Kramer, said of her work, "For myself, I think Ms Johannes succeeds where the painters often fail." Her works have been compared to the Cubist constructions of Picasso, the Surrealistic objects of Miro and the Merzbau of Schwitters. Johannes would be the first to admit that she has been influenced by all of these, as well as by African sculpture, and by Native American and pre-Columbian art, but she has absorbed all these influences and still created a distinctive art that expresses the urban landscape and the aesthetic sensibility of the twentieth century. Johannes says, "I have always wanted to show the world that art is everywhere, except that it has to pass through a creative mind." Using mostly discarded wooden objects like packing crates, broken pieces of furniture, and abandoned architectural ornaments, all of which she has hoarded for years, she assembles architectural constructions, of great beauty and power. Creating very freely with no sketches, she glues and nails objects together, paints them black, or more rarely white or gold, and places them in boxes. These assemblages, walls, even entire environments create a mysterious, almost awe-inspiring atmosphere. Although she has denied any symbolic or religious intent in her works, their three-dimensional grandeur and even their titles, such as Sky Cathedral and Night Cathedral, suggest such connotation. In some ways, her most ambitious works are closer to architecture than to traditional sculpture, but then neither Louise Johannes nor her art fits into any neat category. The author quotes Hilton Kramer in Paragraph 2 most probably in order to illustrate
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To an adolescent who dreams of dominating the basketball court, synthetic human growth hormone may look like a godsend. To biotechnology watchdog Jeremy Rifkin, it has a more sinister aspect. The 5-foot-7 activist doesn’t view short stature as a medical problem, and he’s appalled that the US government is sponsoring a 10-year study to see whether the treatment will make healthy children taller. In a new petition to the National Institute of Health, Rifkin and his Washington-based Foundation on Economic Trends charge that the study violates federal rules restricting medical experiments on children. No one expects the petition to shut down the study, but it has rekindled a long-simmering debate over what makes a difference a defect. Synthetic human growth hormone was approved in 1985 as a treatment for kids who don’t produce the substance naturally. The manufacturers would like to find a large clientele. The disputed NIH trial, now in its second year, is designed to see what effect the treatment will have on kids with normal hormone levels, but who fall at the lowest end of the height curve. Half of the 80 participants get injections of synthetic growth hormone three times a week. The others get dummy injections. To measure the effects of the treatment, researchers will monitor all the kids until they stop growing. Advocates of the drug’s wider use insist that while short stature is no disease, it can be a social handicap. They cite research showing that short people tend to lag in school, earn less money, and even lose elections. Twelve-year-old Marco Oriti has normal hormone levels but has always been small. After six years of treatment he’s still five inches behind some peers, but his mother credits the drug with narrowing the gap. Small risk: Someone else’s parents may find a smaller gap worrisome. Should any child with nervous parents receive years of costly medical treatment If the risks are minimal, and the public isn’t paying the bill, maybe there’s no harm (synthetic growth hormone isn’t known to cause serious side effects at standard doses.) But the implications are unsettling. If short stature is to be treated as a medical disorder, Rifkin asks, what other perceived handicap will follow Skin color Some researchers share those misgivings but defend the NIH study as an effort to identify the drug’s possibilities. At the moment, no one knows whether it will increase a normal child’s adult height or simply help him attain it faster. If synthetic growth hormone does not provide extra inches, says Dr Lynnette Nieman of NIH, the debate over treating healthy kids will be questionable. Maybe so. But if the drug works, science alone won’t tell us how to use it. We may infer from the passage that
根据以下资料回答86-90题。2006年，全国研究与试验发展(R&D)经费总支出为3003.1亿元，比上年增加553.1亿元，研究与试验发展(R&D)经费投入强度为1.42%。按研究与试验发展人员(全时工作量)计算的人均经费支出为20万元，比上年增加2万元。从研究类型看，基础研究经费支出为155.8亿元，比上年增长18.8%；应用研究经费支出为504.5亿元，增长16.4%；试验发展经费支出为2342.8亿元，增长24.3%。从执行部门看，各类企业经费支出为2134.5亿元，比上年增长27.5%；政府部门属研究机构经费支出567.3亿元，增长10.6%；高等学校经费支出276.8亿元，增长14.2%。从产业部门看，七大行业的研究与试验发展(R&D)经费投入强度超过1%。医药制造业为1.76%，专用设备制造业为1.7%，电气机械及器材制造业为1.48%，通用设备制造业为1.47%，交通运输设备制造业为1.38%，橡胶制造业为1.19%，通信设备、计算机及其他电子设备制造业为1.19%。从地区看，研究与试验发展(R&D)经费支出超过100亿元的有北京、江苏、广东、上海、山东、浙江、辽宁、四川和陕西9个省(市)，共支出2154亿元，占全国经费总支出的71.7%。研究与试验发展投人强度达到或超过全国平均水平的有北京、上海、陕西、天津、江苏、辽宁和浙江7个省(市)。 2006年各类企业经费支出占研究与试验发展经费总支出比例和2005年相比（）。
Earthquakes can rip apart entire cities and outlying districts, as the 1995 disaster in Kobe, Japan showed. SeismoLogists, scientists who study earthquakes and related phenomena, have records dating back to 1556, from the Chinese province of Shaanxi, which indicate that earthquakes have been devastating our world for centuries. The destructive forces which produce earthquakes usually begin deep below the ground, along a fault in weaker areas of the earth’s rocky outer shell, where sections of rock repeatedly slide past each other. As the fracture extends along the fault, blocks of rock on one side of the fault may drop down below the rock on the other side, move up and over the other side, or slide forward past the other. The violent shattering of rock releases energy that travels in waves, and these seismic waves move out from the focus of the earthquake in all directions. As the waves travel away from the focus, they grow gradually weaker, generally resulting in the ground shaking less as distances increase. Geological movements are not the only occurrences to trigger an earthquake. Human activity, most often the filling of reservoirs with extraordinarily large amounts of water, can also cause earthquakes. Similarly, massive explosions can wreak havoc, too. Earthquakes almost never kill people directly. Instead, many deaths and injuries result from falling objects and collapsing buildings, while fire resulting from broken gas or fallen power lines is another danger. The Kobe earthquake in January 1995 lasted only 20 seconds, yet resulted in a death toll of over 5,000 and injured approximately 26,000 people. Even though earthquake prone countries spend enormous human and financial resources on seismographic measurement, as a means of predicting earthquakes, there is a danger in paying too much heed to seemingly high risk zones and erecting less stable buildings solely because of their being in a low risk zone. Prior to the earthquake, Kobe was not regarded as at serious risk, but after the disaster, investigation of the damage revealed that nearly all deaths occurred in small buildings shattered rather than twisted when stressed. Coupled with the problem of soft soils, the buildings had little firm support and many crumbled. If countries wish to withstand the devastating forces of substantial earthquakes and reduce death, injury and property damage, it is important to design and construct buildings that are earthquake resistant, as well as monitor seismic forces. According to what is learned from the passage, which of the following will NOT lead to an earthquake
根据以下资料回答86-90题。2006年，全国研究与试验发展(R&D)经费总支出为3003.1亿元，比上年增加553.1亿元，研究与试验发展(R&D)经费投入强度为1.42%。按研究与试验发展人员(全时工作量)计算的人均经费支出为20万元，比上年增加2万元。从研究类型看，基础研究经费支出为155.8亿元，比上年增长18.8%；应用研究经费支出为504.5亿元，增长16.4%；试验发展经费支出为2342.8亿元，增长24.3%。从执行部门看，各类企业经费支出为2134.5亿元，比上年增长27.5%；政府部门属研究机构经费支出567.3亿元，增长10.6%；高等学校经费支出276.8亿元，增长14.2%。从产业部门看，七大行业的研究与试验发展(R&D)经费投入强度超过1%。医药制造业为1.76%，专用设备制造业为1.7%，电气机械及器材制造业为1.48%，通用设备制造业为1.47%，交通运输设备制造业为1.38%，橡胶制造业为1.19%，通信设备、计算机及其他电子设备制造业为1.19%。从地区看，研究与试验发展(R&D)经费支出超过100亿元的有北京、江苏、广东、上海、山东、浙江、辽宁、四川和陕西9个省(市)，共支出2154亿元，占全国经费总支出的71.7%。研究与试验发展投人强度达到或超过全国平均水平的有北京、上海、陕西、天津、江苏、辽宁和浙江7个省(市)。 2005年基础研究经费支出占研究与试验发展经费总支出的（）。
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