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Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into the larger cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration, from town and farm to city, within the United States. The proportion of urban population began to grow remarkably after 1840, increasing from 11 percent that year to 28 percent by 1880 and to 46 percent by 1900. A country with only 6 cities boasting a population of more than 8,000 in 1800 had become one with 545 such cities in 1900. Much of the migration producing an urban society came from smaller towns within the United States, but the combination of new immigrants and old American "settlers" on America’’s "urban frontier" in the late nineteenth century proved extraordinary. The growth of cities and the process of industrialization fed on each other. The agricultural revolution stimulated many people in the countryside to seek a new life in the city and made it possible for fewer farmers to feed the large concentrations of people needed to provide a workforce for growing numbers of factories. Cities also provided ready and convenient markets for the products of industry, and huge contracts in transportation and construction—as well as the expanded market in consumer goods—allowed continued growth of the urban sector of the overall economy of the United States. Technological developments further stimulated the process of urbanization. One example is the Bessemer converter(an industrial process of manufacturing steel), which provided steel girders for the construction of skyscrapers. The refining of crude oil into kerosene, and later the development of electric lighting as well as of the telephone, brought additional comforts to urban areas that well unavailable to rural Americans and helped attract many of them from the farms into the cities. In every era the lure of the city included a major psychological element for country people; the bustle and social interaction of urban life seemed particularly intriguing to those raised in rural isolation. What does the underlined word mean
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即期交易的一方按约定价格买人或卖出一定数额的金融资产，交付及付款必须在当时完成。( )
The disease, which attacks the brain and is always fatal, entered the food chain when cattle were fed the ground-up brains and spinal cords of slaughtered sheep and other animals contaminated with the disease. Fast food’’s bad effect doesn’’t end with fears of beef contamination. Critics in the U.S. also tag all those sacks of burgers and flies with helping to 【1】 another serious health problem: obesity. Currently about 44 million American adults are obese; another 6 million are 【2】 "super-obese"—more than 100 pounds overweight. The CDC found that in 1991, only 4 states had obesity 【3】 higher than 15 percent, but by last year the number had 【4】 to 31 states. In every state, obesity was increasing in all age 【5】 . And today’’s teens, the agency says, are three times more likely to be overweight than teens in the 19【10】s. Though no study has yet established a 【6】 link between fast food and obesity rates, the expansion of fast-food chains 【7】 to be accompanied by rising waves of fat. In China, the number of overweight teens 【8】 . At the same time, similar weight 【9】 occurred in Japan and Great Britain 【10】 fast-food chains expanded in those countries.
Complaining about faulty goods or bad service is never easy. First of all, complaints must he made to a responsible person. Go hack to the shop where you bought the goods, taking with you any receipt you may have and ask to see the owner.If you don’t want to do it in person, write a letter. Stick to the facts and keep a copy of what you write. At this stage you should give any receipt numbers, but need not give receipts or other documents to prove you bought the article. If you are dissatisfied with the answer you get, write to the managing director of the firm or shop. Be sure to keep copies of your own letters and any answers you receive.If your complaint is a just one, the shopkeeper may offer to replace the faulty article. You may have the right to refuse the goods and ask for a refund, but this is only where you have hardly used the goods and have acted at once. And if you have suffered some special loss, for example, a new washer tears your clothes, you might claim money to replace them. If the shopkeeper offers you a credit note to buy goods in the same shop but you would rather have money hack, say so. If you accept a credit note, remember that later you won’t be able to get refunded. In case the shop owner refuses to refund, approach your Citizens’ Advice Bureau before you accept a credit note. What should you take with you when asking to see the shop owner （）
请根据下表回答题： 某银行持有的各种货币的外汇敞口头寸如下：币种外汇敞口头寸美元200(多头)日元欧元150(空头)英镑80(空头)港币50(空头) 若该银行对待外汇风险的态度较为激进，计量总敞口头寸时主要考虑不同货币汇率的相关性，则该银行使用的总敞口头寸应为( )。
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