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In 1975 the Congress of the United States passed the Education of All Handicapped Children Act, a (1) document in special education that has since (2) numerous amendments. A 1990 amendment renamed the law the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). IDEA requires public schools (3) a free and appropriate education to all disabled children. The law also requires that all children with disabilities between the ages of 3 and 21 receive support services, such as (4) or physical therapy, (5) the type or seriousness of their disability. (6) the provisions of IDEA, schools must (7) all children with disabilities. To do this school officials provide each child with a comprehensive (8) conducted by teachers, the parents, and appropriate specialists, such as children with speech difficulties. IDEA also requires schools to give parents the opportunity to assist in the development and (9) of their child’s education plan. The plan specifies goals for the student’s education, methods to achieve those goals, and services to be provided. Each student’s education plan is reviewed (10) . To the maximum extent appropriate, a child with a disability must be educated with children who do not have disabilities. In addition, IDEA requires that older children with disabilities receive transition services to assist in the change from school to adult activities, (11) employment, continuing education, and finding a place to live. IDEA provides federal financial support for schools to develop special education programs. Other federal laws prohibit discrimination (12) disability. Section 504 of the Act of 1973 (13) discrimination against individuals with disabilities in public schools and any other federally supported programs. The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ensures (14) for individuals with disabilities in all (15) life, including education, the workplace, transportation, and telecommunications.

A. offering
B. offered
C. to offer
D. offer

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Robert J. Oppenheimer was a famous American physicist, who directed the (1) of the first atomic bombs. Oppenheimer was born in New York City on April 22, 1904, and was educated at Harvard University and the universities of Cambridge. After (2) the International Education Board from 1928 to 1929, he became a professor of physics at the University of California and the California Institute of Technology, where he built up large (3) of theoretical physics. He was noted for his contributions (4) to the theory of relativity, cosmic rays, and neutron stars. From 1943 to 1945 , Oppenheimer served as director of the atomic bomb project at Los Alamos, New Mexico. His leadership and organizational skills (5) him the Presidential Medal of Merit in 1946. In 1947 he became director of the Institute for Advanced Studies in Princeton, New Jersey, serving there (6) the year before his death. He was also chairman of the General Advisory Committee of the Atomic Energy Commission from 1947 to 1952 and served (7) as an adviser. In 1954, however, he was suspended from this position (8) his past association with Communists. This action (9) the political atmosphere of the time, as well as the dislike of some politicians and military (10) for Oppenheimer’s opposition to development of the hydrogen bomb and his (11) of arms control. His (12) was not really in doubt. (13) , efforts were made to clear his name, and in 1963 the AEC (14) him its highest honor, the Enrico Fermi Award. Oppenheimer (15) his final years to study of the relationship between science and society. He died in Princeton on February 18, 1967.

A. scholars
B. crew
C. groups
D. schools

Leo Tolstoy was a Russian writer and moral philosopher, and one of the world’s greatest novelists. He was born on April 30,1828 and died on Feb. 14, 1910. His writings (1) influenced much of 20th-century literature, and his moral (2) helped shape the thinking of several important (3) and political leaders. Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy was born (4) a family of noble landowners at his family (5) south of Moscow. His early education came from tutors at home, but after the deaths of his parents in the 1830s, he was (6) by relatives. He entered Kazan’ University when he was 16 but preferred to educate himself independently, and in 1847 he (7) his studies without finishing his degree. His next 15 years were very (8) . Tolstoy returned to manage the family estate, with the determination to improve himself (9) and physically. Alter less than two years, however, he abandoned rural life (10) the pleasures of Moscow. In 1851 Tolstoy traveled to the Caucasus, a region then part of southern Russia, (11) his brother was serving in the army. He was (12) as a volunteer, serving with distinction in the Crimean War from 1853 to 1856. Tolstoy began his literary career during his army service, and his first work, the semiautobiographical short novel Childhood (13) was published in 1852, brought him fame. A series of other stories (14) , and when he left the army in 1856 he was acknowledged as a rising new talent in literature. Tolstoy achieved great literary fame during his lifetime, both in Russia and abroad. Thirty-one translations of his works (15) in the year 1887 alone. The most significant part of Tolstoy’s legacy may be his defense of the individual personality.

A. then
B. when
C. later
D. which

Metropolitan Museum of Art is located in New York City. It is one of the largest and most (1) art museums in the world. In 1866 a group of Americans in Paris, France, gathered at a restaurant to (2) the American Independence Day. After dinner, John Jay, a (3) lawyer gave a speech proposing to create a "national institution and gallery of art. " During the next four years, he (4) American civic leaders, art collectors, and others to support the project, and in 1870 the Metropolitan Museum of Art was founded, but it was (5) in two different locations in New York City. In 1880 the museum moved to its present location in Central Park on Fifth Avenue. Many additions have (6) been built around this building. The north and south (7) were completed in 1911 and 1913, (8) Six additional wings have been built since 1975 to house the museum’s (9) collections, to expand gallery space and educational (10) . The museum has collected more than three million objects in every known artistic (11) , representing cultures from every part of the world, from ancient times to the present. Popularly known as the Met, the museum is a private (12) . The museum is one of the most popular tourist (13) in the city and about five million people visit it each year. It is also a major educational institution, offering various programs for children and adults. (14) , scholars of archeology and art history (15) advanced research projects at the museum.

A. privileged
B. primitive
C. proximate
D. prominent

According to Thurgood Marshall, the then chief counsel for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the mutiny trial was one of the biggest miscarriages of justice in American history: it was not 50 men on trial for mutiny, but ______.

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