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The Christmas TreeIn pre-Christian Europe, people believed that trees (fruit trees and evergreens in particular) were embodiment of powerful beings. In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the designated miracle play for December 25 was the story of Adam and Eve and in this play the chief prop was an apple-hung evergreen called the paradise tree. In the sixteenth century, German families began bringing evergreens into their homes during the Christmas season. By the seventeenth century, they were known as Christbaiime (Christ trees) and were being decorated with fruits, candies, cookies, candles and wafers resembling the eucharistic host.The first Christmas trees in America were set up by German immigrants in the 1820s and the almost universal adoption of the custom dates from the 1910s. Now at Christmas time decorated trees stand in about two-thirds of American homes. The modem American tree is usually covered with colored balls and strings of colored lights. The star on top represents the Star in the East which guided the three Wise Men to Bethlehem. Christmas trees became widespread in America().
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Women have more problems than men in old age. First of all, they have less money—or no money at all—and because of this, they often feel they get less respect, even at home. Quite a large number have no pension (退休金) because they have never worked outside the home, and thirty-eight percent are supported mainly by their husbands or children. Second, a larger number of old women than old men become widows (single women). Men are normally older than the women they marry, and women generally live longer than men. The remarriage among older widows is lower than that among widowers (single men). Statistics (统计) from 1990 in Shanghai show only 52 percent of elderly women with husbands still living, compared to (与……相比) 82 percent of men.Because of lower incomes and the difficulty of remarriage, many elderly women who live alone, are poor and have almost no social life. Even an old couple lives with children, it is the woman who ends up doing the work around the house. She cleans the rooms, prepares meals, and takes care of the family. Some 75 percent of them carry out such heavy physical tasks as buying and carrying grain, coal and other supplies for the home. How to improve the quality of life of women in their later years is a problem that needs to be dealt with by all the society. According to the writer, ().
Silas Minton’s funeral was a quiet (36) . It was (37) by the only (38) he had in the world, his niece and nephew, and by a few friends. The priest who (39) (40) a hundred miles into this wild part of the county was now getting (41) for the simple ceremony. Minton, (42) "Minty" as his friends (43) call him, (44) a hard life (45) for gold in a lonely part of Western Australia. He had always refused to work in a gold mine (46) he believed that he could do better (47) his own. Although he was not a boastful(夸口的)person, he had often declared that one day he (48) find a lump (块) of gold as big as his head and (49) he would retire and live in (50) for the rest of his life. But his dreams of great wealth (51) came true. For many years he had hardly earned enough money to keep himself (52) .Two men now gently lifted the rough wooden box that (53) Minty’s body, but they almost dropped it when they heard a loud cry from the grave-digger. His spade (铁锹)had struck something hard in the rocky soil and he was shouting excitedly. Then he held up a large stone. (54) it was covered (55) dirt, the stone shone curiously in the fierce sunlight: it was unmistakably a heavy piece of solid gold! 41().
[听力原文]M: Your new dresses are beautiful. Where did you find themW: Well, I bought three of them while I was in China, but I made the other one myself. What can we conclude from the conversation（）
阅读下文，完成以下问题。我初到英国读书时，一位很爱护我的教师——辛博森先生——写了一封很恳切的长信，给我讲为人治学的道理，其中有一句话说：“大学教育在于使人有正确的价值意识，知道权衡轻重。”事隔二十余年，我还很清楚地记得这句看来颇似寻常的话。在当时，我看到了有几分诧异，心时想：大学教育的功用就不过如此么这二三十年的人生经验才逐渐使我明白这句话的分量。我有时虚心检点过去，发现了我每次的过错或失败都恰是当人生歧路，没有能权衡轻重，以至去取失当。比如说，我花去许多功夫读了一些于今看来是值不得读书的书，做了一些于今看来是值不得做的文章，尝试了一些于今看来是值不得尝试的事，这样就把正经事业耽误了。好比行军，没有侦出要塞，或是侦出要塞而不尽力去击破，只在无战争重要性的角落徘徊摸素，到精力消耗完了还没碰着敌人，这岂不是愚蠢？我自己对于这种愚蠢有切身之痛，每衡量当世人物，也喜欢审察他们有没有犯同样的毛病。有许多在学问、思想方面极为我所敬佩的人，希望本来很大，他们如果死心塌地做他们的学问，成就必有可观。但是因为他们在社会上名望很高，每个学校都要请他们演讲，每个机关都要请他们担任职务，每个刊物都要请他们作文章，这样一来，他们不能集中力量去做一件事，用非其长，长处不能发展，不久也就荒废了。名位是中国学者的大患。没有名位去挣扎求名位，旁驰博骛，用心不专，是一种浪费；既得名位而社会视为万能，事事都来打搅，惹得人心花意乱，是一种更大的浪费。 “古之学者为己，今之学者为人。”在“为人”、“为已”的冲突中，“为人”是很大的诱惑。学者遇到这种诱惑，必须知所轻重，毅然有所取舍，否则随波逐流，不旋踵就有没落之祸。认定方向，立定脚跟，都需要很深厚的修养。“正其谊不谋其利，明其道不计其功”，是儒家在人生理想上所表现的价值意识。“学也禄在其中”，既学而获禄，原亦未尝不可；为干禄而求学，或得禄而忘学，便是颠倒本末。我国历来学子正坐此弊。记得从前有一个学生刚在中学毕业，他的父亲就要他做事谋生，有友人劝阻他说：“这等于吃稻种。”这句聪明话可表现一般家长视教育子弟为投资的心理。近来一般社会重视功利，青年学子便以功利自期，入学校只图混资格作敲门砖，对学问没有浓厚的兴趣，至于立身处世的道理更视为迂阔而远•于事情。这是价值意识的混乱。教育的根基不坚实，影响到整个社会风气以至于整个文化。轻重倒置，急其所应缓，缓其所应急，这种毛病在每个人的生活上，在政治上，在整个文化动向上都可以看见。近来我看了英国人贝尔的《文化论》(Clive Bell：Civilization)，其中有一章专论价值意识为文化要素，颇引起我的一些感触。贝尔专从文化观点立论，我联想到“价值意识”在人生许多方面的意义。这问题值得仔细一谈。 第二段中，“一种更大的浪费”指的是什么？（）
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