题目内容
A number of articles have been published by psychologists in favor of their procession being permitted to prescribe psychotropic (治疗精神病的) medications. A review of studies surveying practitioners, though reveals that the majority of psychologists are opposed to the gaining of prescription privileges. Unless a major shift occurs in the attitudes of most psychologists on this issue, prescription privileges could cause divisions within the field, as well as a greater division between psychologists and other professions.
There has been a growing interest in psychopharmacology (心理药物学) among a variety of subspecialties in psychology. Therefore, before psychologists become involved in prescribing. psychopharmacological agents, it is critical that licensure provisions be developed. According to psychologist Tom Kubiszyn, school psychologists, because of their training and setting, may be in a unique position to expand their competencies in the areas of pediatric medication and evaluation procedures, particularly with schoolchildren diagnosed as having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. However, Stephen DeMers of the University of Kentucky points out possible complications with school psychologists seeking greater involvement in psychopharmacology. School psychology programs provide much less training and experience in psychopathology and therapeutic interventions than clinical psychology programs do.
Within the field of psychology, there are varying degrees of credentials, making it difficult for clients to identify competent practitioners. For instance, in psychology, the public may have difficulty understanding the difference between a Psy D, a Ph D, and an Ed D. Some psychologists have a master's degree, while others have earned certificates of advancement in areas such as drug and alcohol or family therapy. Currently, psychology licensing acts allow for the credentialing of all psychologists with a doctoral degree, regardless of whether the individual was trained as a practitioner. Perhaps the Psy D and Ph D need to betwo distinct degrees, whereby the Psy D is for practitioners and the Ph D is for researchers and academicians. The result would be different training in psychology for the two degrees. The absence of criteria identifying the practitioner is a serious impediment for professional psychology and must be resolved before granting psychologists the right to prescribe psychotropic medication.
The prescription privileges of psychologists is probably NOT the cause for______.
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Around the world young people are spending unbelievable sums of money to listen to rock music. Forbes magazine claims that【31】least fifty rock stars have【32】of between two million and six million dollars per year.
Those who love rock music【33】about two billion dollars a year for records. They pay 150 million to see rock stars in【34】. Some observers think the customers are buying more that music. According to one【35】, rock music has a special【36】because .no real training is needed to produce it. There is no gulf【37】the audience and the performer. Every boy and girl in the audience【38】, "I could sing like that".【39】rock has become a new kind of religion, a new form. of worship. Young people are【40】to pay to worship a rock star because it is a way of worshipping【41】
How do the rock stars use their money？ What do they do when the money starts【42】in like water？ Most of the young stars simply throw the money【43】. Many【44】stars live like Grace Slick and the Jefferson Airplane. Those performers return from a【45】, pay their bills, and buy new toys. Then when they need money again, they do【46】tour. They save no money, buy no stocks, and live from【47】to mouth.
In the end the rock star's life is【48】. After two or three years riches and fame are gone. Left with his memories and his tax problems, the【49】ex-performer spends his remaining years trying to impress strangers. New stars have arrived to take his【50】
(1)
Japanese scientists are at last actively entering the debate over the government's controversial reform. plan, which targets not only ailing government organizations but also some of Japan's best basic research institutes for conversion to agency status. This status would give them independence in management but require them to have their performance evaluated by external assessment bodies.
This publication has long advocated giving greater autonomy and responsibility to the institutions administered by Japan's Ministry of Education and Science, including universities and the institutes for joint university use. An independent management system would allow increased flexibility in funding. Furthermore, without the restrictions imposed by the civil service law, researchers would be free to carry out entrepreneurial activities, such as setting up venture businesses and carrying out joint research with private companies.
The government's reform. plan moves in this direction but, as it stands, its flaws are far more obvious than its potential benefits. Opposition to reform. of the universities has succeeded in delaying further changes until at least 2003, giving time for the fundamental reshaping required. Many fundamental steps need to be taken, such as implementation of a national external review system and of competent new administration, before universities will be ready for agency status. But other institutions would face more immediate problems if the current proposals are implemented.
The reform. plan, which is part of the government's drive to improve the country's administration across the board, has met strong opposition from the outset, with targeted institutes arguing against the government's claim that the changes are necessary to run them more efficiently. Such resistance is hardly surprising given the plan's rationalization targets and costcutting measures. The government has also made clear its intention to close down, merge or privatize institutes that fail to meet their performance-related targets. But, following compromises by the government with stronger ministries over its plan to reduce the number of civil servants by 25 percent, there is disproportionate pressure on research institutes to cut their costs.
As a result, the National Research Institutes for Joint University Use are at risk; they are all renowned for the quality of their basic research. More thought must be given to decisions concerning such high-quality institutes, whose activities are ill-suited to targets based on cost performance. The government should create a separate agency plan for institutes carrying out basic research, so that appropriate evaluation systems and performance-related targets can be introduced, with goals and support established over periods of 5—10 years, reflecting the longterm character of fundamental research.
The passage is mainly discussing the fact that______.
This is News on the Hour, Ed Wilson reporting. The President and First Lady will visit Africa on a goodwill tour in May. They plan to visit eight African countries.
Reports from China say the Chinese want closer ties between China and the U.S. and Western Europe. A group of Chinese scientists will start its ten-nation tour next month.
Here in Miami, the mayor is still meeting with the leaders of the teachers' union to try to find a way to end the strike. City schools are still closed after two weeks.
In news about health, scientists in California report findings of a relationship between the drinking of coffee and the increase of heart disease among women. According to the report in the American Medical Journal (= magazine) , the five-year study shows this: Women who drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than women who do not.
In sports the Chargers lost again last night. The BBS beat them 1 to nothing. The Wingers had better results. They beat the Rifles 7 to 3. It was their first win in their last five matches.
That's the News on the Hour. And now back to more easy listening with Jan Singer.
Who gave the News on the Hour？
Cultural conflicts, such as those that trouble American society today, may sometimes appear to be less than serious squabbles between intellectuals who have nothing better to do. It is regrettably true, of course, that intellectuals have the tendency to think of themselves and their interests in grandiose terms; control of the English department, say, looks more important than control of the world's energy supplies. Yet culture is not a peripheral matter; culture is the way in which a society understands itself. A society that no longer understands itself will be unable to act coherently on and problems facing it, including those that may superficially seem remote from cultural issues.
Every human society must achieve a measure of consensus concerning two fundamental questions; "Who are we？" and "How are we to live together？" Culture embodies the consensus as to how these questions are to be answered. This consensus will never be unanimous, but when it breaks-down in a massive way, the survival of the society is threatened. Both social philosophers and social scientists have long agreed that there can be no order in human affairs without such a consensus. Some analysts have argued that a modern society no longer needs this, that it can dispense with a common morality and can function on the basis of rational self-interest expressed in various contractual arrangements. Morality is then replaced by procedure. Such a society would resemble a gigantic traffic system. In modern urban traffic most people stop at red and go at green, not because they have deep moral convictions about this behavior, also not because they are afraid of the traffic police; rather, they do so because it is in their common interest. This very image suggests the weakness of a traffic-system notion of society: The average driver will obey the traffic laws in the normality course of events; he will break them in an emergency (say, he must get to a hospital quickly). By analogy, a "normal" society can function to some extent like a traffic system—and "normal" means a state of affairs when no grave external or internal perils exist. When such perils appear, however, the contractual regulation of the many interests is not enough; some moral claim to solidarity and sacrifice will become necessary. Otherwise the contractual procedures will break down: In an emergency everyone drives through a red light.
The word "squabbles" in Paragraph 1 probably refers to______.
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