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Public officials and candidates for public office routinely use public opinion polls to keep track of what the people are thinking. An important question is the degree to which these polls should guide leaders in their actions. There are arguments for and against the use of polls as the basis for policy decisions.Polls can contribute to effective government by keeping political leaders from getting too far out of line with the public’s thinking. In a democratic society, the effectiveness of a public policy often dep. ends on the extent of its public support. When a policy is contrary to the public’s desires, people may choose to disregard or undermine it, thus making it counterproductive or inefficient. Further, when government pursues a course of action with which a large proportion of the public disagrees, it risks a loss of public confidence, which can have a negative effect on its ability to lead. The Reagan administration, flying high from 1981 to 1985 ,was brought low in 1986 by public reaction to news of its secret sales of weapons to Iran. The administration had not paid sufficient attention to polls that revealed the deep antagonism American still felt toward Iran be cause the Ayatollah Khomeini’s regime has held sixty-three American hostages in 1979 - 1981.However, leaders can also do a disservice to the public they represent by using poll results as a substitute for policy judgment. "Effective government", as Walter Lippmann wrote, "cannot be conducted by legislators and officials who, when a question is presented, ask themselves first and last not what is the truth and which is the right and necessary course, but what does the Gallup Poll say" During his presidential term, Jimmy Carter proposed five consecutive inflation-fighting programs, changing his plans with each shift in public sentiment without having invested the political capital necessary to get Congress and the country behind any of the efforts. The nation -- and Carter -- would probably have been better served by a steadfast commitment to a single course of action. The passage is mainly about（）
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TEXT I Rolling Stones The rock group, members Mick Jagger (1943 -) vocals, Keith Richards (1943 -) guitar, Bill Wyman (1936 -) bass, Charlie Watts (1941 -) drams, Ron Wood (1947 -) guitar, former member Brian Jones (1942 - 69) guitar, one of the longest-running and most successful popular music groups to emerge in the 1960s. They first performed together in 1962. At first, they were very much in the shadow of The Beatles, but their less boyish, more rebellious style together with their more aggressive music soon won them a large following. Although their uninhibited life styles and overtly sexual lyrics often hit the headlines, it was the excellence of their com- positions (usually by Jagger and Richard) that ensured their continuing success. Among their early hits were "The Last Time" and "Satisfaction". Later albums include Exile on Main Street (1972) and Tattoo You (1981).1964 The Rolling Stones1965 The Roiling Stones Now!1966 Big Hits (High Tide, Green Grass)1967 Between the Buttons1968 Beggars Banquet1969 Through the Past, Darkly (Big Hits, Vol. 2)1970 The Stones Detroit1971 Sticky Fingers1972 Exile On Main Street1973 Goat’s Head Soup1974 It’s Only Rock and Roll1975 Made in the Shade1975 Metamorphosis1976 Black and Blue1977 Love You Live1978 Some Girls1980 Emotional Rescue1981 Sucking in the Seventies1982 Still Life1983 Undercover1984 Rewind (1971-1984)1986 Dirty Work1989 Steel Wheels1991 Flashpoint1993 Jump Back: the Best of the Rolling Stones1994 Voodoo Lounge1995 Stripped1996 Rock and Roll Circus1997 Bridges to Babylon1998 No Security When was the album The Stone Detroit published
Public officials and candidates for public office routinely use public opinion polls to keep track of what the people are thinking. An important question is the degree to which these polls should guide leaders in their actions. There are arguments for and against the use of polls as the basis for policy decisions.Polls can contribute to effective government by keeping political leaders from getting too far out of line with the public’s thinking. In a democratic society, the effectiveness of a public policy often dep. ends on the extent of its public support. When a policy is contrary to the public’s desires, people may choose to disregard or undermine it, thus making it counterproductive or inefficient. Further, when government pursues a course of action with which a large proportion of the public disagrees, it risks a loss of public confidence, which can have a negative effect on its ability to lead. The Reagan administration, flying high from 1981 to 1985 ,was brought low in 1986 by public reaction to news of its secret sales of weapons to Iran. The administration had not paid sufficient attention to polls that revealed the deep antagonism American still felt toward Iran be cause the Ayatollah Khomeini’s regime has held sixty-three American hostages in 1979 - 1981.However, leaders can also do a disservice to the public they represent by using poll results as a substitute for policy judgment. "Effective government", as Walter Lippmann wrote, "cannot be conducted by legislators and officials who, when a question is presented, ask themselves first and last not what is the truth and which is the right and necessary course, but what does the Gallup Poll say" During his presidential term, Jimmy Carter proposed five consecutive inflation-fighting programs, changing his plans with each shift in public sentiment without having invested the political capital necessary to get Congress and the country behind any of the efforts. The nation -- and Carter -- would probably have been better served by a steadfast commitment to a single course of action. What Walt Lippmann means is that（）
If we view a science as a body of systematized knowledge, then chemistry is usually called a natural science because it (26) knowledge of the natural world. At times we may wonder (27) there is no complete system (28) all of chemistry fits perfectly. Gaps in the present system, however, show that chemistry is still a(n) (29) subject and that we (30) all of its facts, laws, and theories. (31) , chemistry as a science is very much (32) us today, and its future holds the bright promise (33) much more to come. Man’s knowledge about himself and nature has grown into (34) sciences. The growth of the separate sciences has been more developmental than intentional. The separation of the natural sciences into physical and biological sciences, and physical sciences into physics and chemistry, happily (35) a larger body of knowledge into more manageable parts. At the same time we should remember that the concepts, techniques, and applications of the various sciences are interdependent and not exclusively a part of one science or (36) . In this (37) , chemistry is a key science among the natural sciences because everyone, (38) the area of natural science he wishes to pursue, needs at least an introduction to the principles and simpler applications of chemistry as a foundation for his specialty. Chemistry deals with the (39) of matter, changes in matter, the laws and principles (40) these changes, and the concepts and theories that interpret them.
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