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The image of people jumping from windows after the stock market crash of 1929 graphically illustrates the pattern detected by researchers from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "The overall suicide rate rises and falls in connection with the economy," said lead researcher Feijun Luo, a health economist at the CDC’s National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. "The strongest association between business cycles and suicides was among working-age people 25 to 64 years old," he said. Co-author Dr. Alexander E. Crosby, a medical epidemiologist said economic hardship may trigger suicidal impulses in those already at risk of killing themselves. "Suicide results from an interaction of a number of different factors," Crosby said. "Other studies have shown there is an association between suicide and unemployment, suicide and economic issues, and it can make vulnerable people more prone to be at risk for suicidal behavior," he said. The report is published online April 14 in the American Journal of Public Health. The researchers found suicide rates increased sharply during the Great Depression, during the oil crisis of 1973-1975, and the double-dip recession of 1980-1982. But fewer people killed themselves during periods of economic expansion, such as the World War Ⅱ and years between 1991 and 2001, when the economy grew rapidly and unemployment was low. To prevent economy-related suicides during economic downturns, communities might want to target programs toward working-age people, Crosby suggested. "Communities can have more support for those age groups that might be laid off," he said. Providing job training, skills training and developing suicide prevention efforts "might be things communities could do," Crosby added. David Rudd, dean of the College of Social and Behavioral Science at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, agreed that those most likely to kill themselves in bad economic times are those already at risk of suicide. "It’s fairly well established that upwards of 90% of those taking their own lives suffer from a diagnosable mental illness at the time, with the overwhelming majority not being in active treatment," he said. The difference in impact across age groups is not a surprise, given that those hardest hit face the most pressing economic demands, Rudd added. "Prevention efforts need to focus on recognition and more effective response to psychiatric illness, particularly in primary care settings," he said. What does Feijun Luo say about suicide
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The image of people jumping from windows after the stock market crash of 1929 graphically illustrates the pattern detected by researchers from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "The overall suicide rate rises and falls in connection with the economy," said lead researcher Feijun Luo, a health economist at the CDC’s National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. "The strongest association between business cycles and suicides was among working-age people 25 to 64 years old," he said. Co-author Dr. Alexander E. Crosby, a medical epidemiologist said economic hardship may trigger suicidal impulses in those already at risk of killing themselves. "Suicide results from an interaction of a number of different factors," Crosby said. "Other studies have shown there is an association between suicide and unemployment, suicide and economic issues, and it can make vulnerable people more prone to be at risk for suicidal behavior," he said. The report is published online April 14 in the American Journal of Public Health. The researchers found suicide rates increased sharply during the Great Depression, during the oil crisis of 1973-1975, and the double-dip recession of 1980-1982. But fewer people killed themselves during periods of economic expansion, such as the World War Ⅱ and years between 1991 and 2001, when the economy grew rapidly and unemployment was low. To prevent economy-related suicides during economic downturns, communities might want to target programs toward working-age people, Crosby suggested. "Communities can have more support for those age groups that might be laid off," he said. Providing job training, skills training and developing suicide prevention efforts "might be things communities could do," Crosby added. David Rudd, dean of the College of Social and Behavioral Science at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, agreed that those most likely to kill themselves in bad economic times are those already at risk of suicide. "It’s fairly well established that upwards of 90% of those taking their own lives suffer from a diagnosable mental illness at the time, with the overwhelming majority not being in active treatment," he said. The difference in impact across age groups is not a surprise, given that those hardest hit face the most pressing economic demands, Rudd added. "Prevention efforts need to focus on recognition and more effective response to psychiatric illness, particularly in primary care settings," he said. According to Crosby, who are more likely to commit suicide for economic issues and unemployment
If you like mystery, chances are you’ve heard of Agatha Christie, possibly the world’s best-known mystery writer. Her books have sold over two billion copies worldwide. A. upon B. along C. with D. through
Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
Advocates of federal action to address climate change had little to cheer about in 2010. The prospects may be even dimmer this year, with nearly every important committee chair in the now Republican-controlled House dismissing the threat of global warming or the human contribution to it. As Congress dawdles (散漫) and denies, some states are moving forward. Massachusetts recently announced a plan to curb emissions from homes, cars and factories by one-fourth below 1990 levels over 10 years—considerably more aggressive than President Obama’s commitment in Copenhagen to reduce emissions 17 percent below 2005 levels. The plan relies on existing technologies to produce more power from renewable sources like wind, tougher energy-efficiency standards for buildings and more investments in mass transit. Massachusetts will also benefit from its participation in the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, a 2008 agreement among 10 Eastern states, including New York, to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from power plants. These emissions have already dropped dramatically in the region, in part because utilities have been switching from coal to cleaner-burning natural gas. The Massachusetts announcement follows California’s approval of a cap-and-trade program requiring 360 large enterprises, including refineries (精炼厂) and power plants, to gradually reduce emissions to help achieve a statewide reduction of 15 percent from current levels by 2020—just under Mr. Obama’s target. As in other cap-and-trade programs—including proposals that stalled in Congress—the plan will require each facility to reduce emissions or buy allowances to pollute. This should encourage industry to invest in cleaner technologies while raising money for the state and local communities to improve energy efficiency. The trading program was the last missing piece of a broad initiative signed into law by Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger in 2005. Among other things, it requires that an increasing percentage of California’s energy be generated by wind and solar power. It also meshes neatly with the state’s strict greenhouse gas limits on vehicles, which paved the way for the national standards adopted by the Obama administration. Other states and cities, including New York City, have embraced one or more aggressive strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. None of this is enough; a national policy would be much better. One hopes that Washington will get the message—before it’s too late. what is the aim of the cap-and-trade program
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