题目内容
Passage One It’s a brand new world--a world built around brands. Hard-charging, noise-making, culture-shaping brands are everywhere. They’re on supermarket shelves, of course, but also in business plans for network company startups and in the names of sports complexes. Brands are infiltrating (渗透) people’s everyday lives--by sticking their logos on clothes, in concert programs, on subway station walls, even in elementary school classrooms. We live in an age in which CBS newscasters wear Nike jackets on the air, in which Burger King and McDonald’s open kiosks(小亭) in elementary school lunchrooms. But as brands reach (and then overreach) into every aspects of our lives, the companies behind them invite more questions, deeper scrutiny--and an inevitable backlash by consumers. "Our intellectual lives and our public spaces are being taken over by marketing--and that has real implications for citizenships" says author and activists Naomi Klien. "It’s important for any healthy culture to have public space--a place where people are treated as citizens instead of as consumers. We’ve completely lost that space." Since the mid-1980s, as more and more companies have shifted from being about products to being about ideas. Starbucks isn’t selling coffee; It’s selling community! Those companies have poured more and more resources into marketing campaigns. To pay for those campaigns, those same companies figured out ways to cut costs elsewhere, for example, by using contract labor at home and low-wage labor in developing countries. Contract laborers are hired on a temporary, per-assignment basis, and employers have no obligation to provide any benefits (such as health insurance) or long-term job security. This saves companies money but obviously puts workers in vulnerable situations. In the United States, contract labor has given rise to so-called McJobs, which employers and workers alike pretend are temporary--even though these jobs are usually held by adults who are trying to support families. The massive expansion of marketing campaigns in the 1980s coincided with the reduction of government spending for schools and for museums. This made those institutions much too willing, even eager, to partner with private companies. But companies took advantage of the needs of those institutions, reaching too far, and overwhelming the civic space with their marketing agendas. What is the author’s attitude towards the massive expansion of marketing campaigns
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Y (for YES ) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage. How to Get a Great Idea The guests had arrived, and the wine was warm. Once again, I’d forgotten to refrigerate it. "Don’t worry." a friend said, "I can chill it for you right away." Five minutes later she emerged from the kitchen with the wine perfectly cooled. Asked to reveal her secret, she said, "Easy. I poured the wine in a plastic bag and then dipped it in ice water. After a few minutes the wine was cold. The hard part was getting it back into bottle. I couldn’t find a funnel (漏斗), so I made a cone with wax paper." My guests applauded. "How wonderful if we could all be that clever," one remarked. A decade of research has convinced me we can. What separates the average person from Edison, Picasso or even Shakespeare isn’t creative capacity--it’s the ability to use that capacity by encouraging creative impulses and then acting upon them. Most of us seldom achieve our creative potential. I think I know why, and I can help unlock the reservoir of ideas hiding within every one of us. One puzzle I’ve watched students deal with is retrieving a Ping-Pong ball that has fallen to the bottom of sealed, vertical drainpipe. The tools that they can use are either too short to reach the ball or too wide to fit into the pipe, which is also too narrow to reach into by hand. At last some students make the connection: drainpipe＝water＝floating. They pour water down the hole, and the ball floats to the top. This and many other experiments suggest concrete ways of increasing creativity in all of us. Here are the best techniques.Capture the fleeting A good idea is like a rabbit. It runs by so fast that sometimes you see only its ears or tail. To capture it, you must be ready. Creative people are always ready to act, and that may be the only difference between us and them. Poet Lowell wrote of the urgency with which she captured new ideas, "Whatever I am doing, I lay it aside and attend to the arriving poem," she wrote. Like many other writers, Lowell sought paper and pencil when she saw a good idea coming. I enter new ideas into a pocket computer. Anything---even a napkin---will do. In a letter to a friend in 1821, Ludwig van Beethoven talked about bow he thought of a beautiful tune while dozing in carriage. "But scarcely did I awake when away flew the tune," he wrote, "and I could not recall any part of it." Fortunately for Beethoven and for us--the next day in the same carriage, the tune came back to him, and this time he captured it in writing. When a good idea comes your way, write it down on your arm if necessary. Not every idea will have value, of course. The point is to capture first and evaluate them later.Daydream Surrealist Dali used to lie on a sofa, holding a spoon. Just as he began to fall asleep, Dali would drop the spoon onto a plate on the floor. The sound shocked him awake, and he would immediately sketch the images he had seen in his mind in that fertile world of semi-sleep. Everyone experiences this strange state, and everyone can take advantage of it. Try Dali’s trick, or just allow yourself to daydream. For many, the "three b’s" bed, bath and bus--are productive, there, and anywhere else you can be with your thoughts undisturbed, you’ll find that ideas emerging freely.Seek challenges When you’re stuck behind a locked door, every behavior that’s ever gotten you free turns up quickly: you may push or pull on the knob, bang the door--even shout for help. Scientists call the rehappening of old behaviors in a challenging situation resurgence. The more behaviors that reappear, the greater the number of possible interconnections, and the more likely that new ideas will occur. Try inviting friends and business associations from different areas of your life to a party. Bring people of two or three generations together. This will get you thinking in new ways. Edwin Land, one of America’s most prolific inventors, said that the idea that led to his invention of the Polaroid camera came from his three-year-old daughter. On a visit to Santa Fe in 1943, she asked why she couldn’t see the picture he had just taken. During the next hour, as Land walked around Santa Fe, all he had learned about chemistry came together, with amazing results. Said Land, "The camera and the film became clear to me. In my mind they were so real that I spent several flours describing them." Put new and crazy items like kid’s toys on your desk. Turn pictures upside down or sideways. The more detersive the stimulations we receive, the more rapidly the mind produces new ideas.Expand your world Many discoveries in sciences, engineering and the arts mix ideas from different fields. Consider "the Two-String problem". Two widely separated strings hang from a ceiling. Even though you can’t reach both at once, is it possible to tie their ends together, using only a pair of pliers One college student found the solution almost immediately. He tied the pliers to one string and set it in motion like pendulum (钟摆). As it swung back and forth, he walked quickly to the other string and drew it as far forward as it would reach. Then he caught the swinging string when it passed near him and tied the two ends. Asked how he had solved the problem, the student explained he had just come from a physics class on pendulum motion. What he had learned in one context transferred to a completely different one. This principle works outside the lab as well. To enhance your creativity, learn something new. If you’re banker, take up tap dancing. If you’re a nurse, try a course in mythology. Read a book on a subject you know little about. Change your daily newspaper. The new will interconnect with the old in novel and potentially fascinating ways. Becoming more creative is really just a matter of paying attention to that endless flow of ideas you produce, and learning to capture and act upon the new that’s within you. The success of Edison, Picasso or even Shakespeare lies on their ability to ______ rather than mere creative capacity.
Y (for YES ) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage. How to Get a Great Idea The guests had arrived, and the wine was warm. Once again, I’d forgotten to refrigerate it. "Don’t worry." a friend said, "I can chill it for you right away." Five minutes later she emerged from the kitchen with the wine perfectly cooled. Asked to reveal her secret, she said, "Easy. I poured the wine in a plastic bag and then dipped it in ice water. After a few minutes the wine was cold. The hard part was getting it back into bottle. I couldn’t find a funnel (漏斗), so I made a cone with wax paper." My guests applauded. "How wonderful if we could all be that clever," one remarked. A decade of research has convinced me we can. What separates the average person from Edison, Picasso or even Shakespeare isn’t creative capacity--it’s the ability to use that capacity by encouraging creative impulses and then acting upon them. Most of us seldom achieve our creative potential. I think I know why, and I can help unlock the reservoir of ideas hiding within every one of us. One puzzle I’ve watched students deal with is retrieving a Ping-Pong ball that has fallen to the bottom of sealed, vertical drainpipe. The tools that they can use are either too short to reach the ball or too wide to fit into the pipe, which is also too narrow to reach into by hand. At last some students make the connection: drainpipe＝water＝floating. They pour water down the hole, and the ball floats to the top. This and many other experiments suggest concrete ways of increasing creativity in all of us. Here are the best techniques.Capture the fleeting A good idea is like a rabbit. It runs by so fast that sometimes you see only its ears or tail. To capture it, you must be ready. Creative people are always ready to act, and that may be the only difference between us and them. Poet Lowell wrote of the urgency with which she captured new ideas, "Whatever I am doing, I lay it aside and attend to the arriving poem," she wrote. Like many other writers, Lowell sought paper and pencil when she saw a good idea coming. I enter new ideas into a pocket computer. Anything---even a napkin---will do. In a letter to a friend in 1821, Ludwig van Beethoven talked about bow he thought of a beautiful tune while dozing in carriage. "But scarcely did I awake when away flew the tune," he wrote, "and I could not recall any part of it." Fortunately for Beethoven and for us--the next day in the same carriage, the tune came back to him, and this time he captured it in writing. When a good idea comes your way, write it down on your arm if necessary. Not every idea will have value, of course. The point is to capture first and evaluate them later.Daydream Surrealist Dali used to lie on a sofa, holding a spoon. Just as he began to fall asleep, Dali would drop the spoon onto a plate on the floor. The sound shocked him awake, and he would immediately sketch the images he had seen in his mind in that fertile world of semi-sleep. Everyone experiences this strange state, and everyone can take advantage of it. Try Dali’s trick, or just allow yourself to daydream. For many, the "three b’s" bed, bath and bus--are productive, there, and anywhere else you can be with your thoughts undisturbed, you’ll find that ideas emerging freely.Seek challenges When you’re stuck behind a locked door, every behavior that’s ever gotten you free turns up quickly: you may push or pull on the knob, bang the door--even shout for help. Scientists call the rehappening of old behaviors in a challenging situation resurgence. The more behaviors that reappear, the greater the number of possible interconnections, and the more likely that new ideas will occur. Try inviting friends and business associations from different areas of your life to a party. Bring people of two or three generations together. This will get you thinking in new ways. Edwin Land, one of America’s most prolific inventors, said that the idea that led to his invention of the Polaroid camera came from his three-year-old daughter. On a visit to Santa Fe in 1943, she asked why she couldn’t see the picture he had just taken. During the next hour, as Land walked around Santa Fe, all he had learned about chemistry came together, with amazing results. Said Land, "The camera and the film became clear to me. In my mind they were so real that I spent several flours describing them." Put new and crazy items like kid’s toys on your desk. Turn pictures upside down or sideways. The more detersive the stimulations we receive, the more rapidly the mind produces new ideas.Expand your world Many discoveries in sciences, engineering and the arts mix ideas from different fields. Consider "the Two-String problem". Two widely separated strings hang from a ceiling. Even though you can’t reach both at once, is it possible to tie their ends together, using only a pair of pliers One college student found the solution almost immediately. He tied the pliers to one string and set it in motion like pendulum (钟摆). As it swung back and forth, he walked quickly to the other string and drew it as far forward as it would reach. Then he caught the swinging string when it passed near him and tied the two ends. Asked how he had solved the problem, the student explained he had just come from a physics class on pendulum motion. What he had learned in one context transferred to a completely different one. This principle works outside the lab as well. To enhance your creativity, learn something new. If you’re banker, take up tap dancing. If you’re a nurse, try a course in mythology. Read a book on a subject you know little about. Change your daily newspaper. The new will interconnect with the old in novel and potentially fascinating ways. Becoming more creative is really just a matter of paying attention to that endless flow of ideas you produce, and learning to capture and act upon the new that’s within you. The author believes that many discoveries in science, engineering and the arts mix ideas from ______.
Passage Two Basically, there are three types of fatigue, physical, pathological (由疾病引起的), and psychological. As you might suspect, each differs significantly from the others. When you exercise your body you produce waste products. Muscles, for example, discard lactic acid (乳酸) into the blood; cells dump in carbon dioxide. When these wastes reach a certain level in the blood, the brain is notified and your activity level drops. Excess wastes in the muscles may produce soreness. If the blood of a physically fatigued animal is injected into a rested animal, it will produce fatigue. The solution to this type of fatigue is simple-rest. That should revive you; if it doesn’t, another cause should be sought. Have you ever become involved in so many activities that you had to be in two places at once This is what happens when your body has a disease. The cells are overtaxed and cannot keep up with both fighting the disease and keeping you active. The result is fatigue. Some communicable diseases like the flu and colds are notorious for draining your energy. Other non-communicable diseases, like anemia (贫血), drain you because you are lacking an important body ingredient. Being overweight can cause pathological fatigue. It should be obvious that this type of fatigue is not going to go away without treatment. In a way, pathological fatigue is a lifesaver. It lets you know something is wrong and that you need rest. Even a poor diet can produce pathological fatigue. Frequently, people who go on crash diets develop pathological fatigue, and if the diet is not improved, they may do physical harm to their bodies. Here is the most common type of fatigue. Almost everybody experiences it now and then. Often, the cause is an emotional war you arc waging with yourself or those around you. Some of these familiar factors can bring on psychological fatigue: worries, stress, lack of exercise, boredom, depression. If you know someone with psychological fatigue, would you advise him to rest No way! That might be fine for our other types of fatigue, but for this one, it’s deadly. If you are ever going to be able to cope with stress, depression, or worry, you need oxygen in your cells and a more optimistic attitude. Get out of the chair and do something! Believe it or not, many people throw themselves into physical labor like cleaning or carpentry to "defatigue" themselves. If you find yourself in a particularly stressful situation that you can’t physically escape, escape mentally. When fatigue continues, maybe you need to get to the root of the problem. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage
Y (for YES ) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage. How to Get a Great Idea The guests had arrived, and the wine was warm. Once again, I’d forgotten to refrigerate it. "Don’t worry." a friend said, "I can chill it for you right away." Five minutes later she emerged from the kitchen with the wine perfectly cooled. Asked to reveal her secret, she said, "Easy. I poured the wine in a plastic bag and then dipped it in ice water. After a few minutes the wine was cold. The hard part was getting it back into bottle. I couldn’t find a funnel (漏斗), so I made a cone with wax paper." My guests applauded. "How wonderful if we could all be that clever," one remarked. A decade of research has convinced me we can. What separates the average person from Edison, Picasso or even Shakespeare isn’t creative capacity--it’s the ability to use that capacity by encouraging creative impulses and then acting upon them. Most of us seldom achieve our creative potential. I think I know why, and I can help unlock the reservoir of ideas hiding within every one of us. One puzzle I’ve watched students deal with is retrieving a Ping-Pong ball that has fallen to the bottom of sealed, vertical drainpipe. The tools that they can use are either too short to reach the ball or too wide to fit into the pipe, which is also too narrow to reach into by hand. At last some students make the connection: drainpipe＝water＝floating. They pour water down the hole, and the ball floats to the top. This and many other experiments suggest concrete ways of increasing creativity in all of us. Here are the best techniques.Capture the fleeting A good idea is like a rabbit. It runs by so fast that sometimes you see only its ears or tail. To capture it, you must be ready. Creative people are always ready to act, and that may be the only difference between us and them. Poet Lowell wrote of the urgency with which she captured new ideas, "Whatever I am doing, I lay it aside and attend to the arriving poem," she wrote. Like many other writers, Lowell sought paper and pencil when she saw a good idea coming. I enter new ideas into a pocket computer. Anything---even a napkin---will do. In a letter to a friend in 1821, Ludwig van Beethoven talked about bow he thought of a beautiful tune while dozing in carriage. "But scarcely did I awake when away flew the tune," he wrote, "and I could not recall any part of it." Fortunately for Beethoven and for us--the next day in the same carriage, the tune came back to him, and this time he captured it in writing. When a good idea comes your way, write it down on your arm if necessary. Not every idea will have value, of course. The point is to capture first and evaluate them later.Daydream Surrealist Dali used to lie on a sofa, holding a spoon. Just as he began to fall asleep, Dali would drop the spoon onto a plate on the floor. The sound shocked him awake, and he would immediately sketch the images he had seen in his mind in that fertile world of semi-sleep. Everyone experiences this strange state, and everyone can take advantage of it. Try Dali’s trick, or just allow yourself to daydream. For many, the "three b’s" bed, bath and bus--are productive, there, and anywhere else you can be with your thoughts undisturbed, you’ll find that ideas emerging freely.Seek challenges When you’re stuck behind a locked door, every behavior that’s ever gotten you free turns up quickly: you may push or pull on the knob, bang the door--even shout for help. Scientists call the rehappening of old behaviors in a challenging situation resurgence. The more behaviors that reappear, the greater the number of possible interconnections, and the more likely that new ideas will occur. Try inviting friends and business associations from different areas of your life to a party. Bring people of two or three generations together. This will get you thinking in new ways. Edwin Land, one of America’s most prolific inventors, said that the idea that led to his invention of the Polaroid camera came from his three-year-old daughter. On a visit to Santa Fe in 1943, she asked why she couldn’t see the picture he had just taken. During the next hour, as Land walked around Santa Fe, all he had learned about chemistry came together, with amazing results. Said Land, "The camera and the film became clear to me. In my mind they were so real that I spent several flours describing them." Put new and crazy items like kid’s toys on your desk. Turn pictures upside down or sideways. The more detersive the stimulations we receive, the more rapidly the mind produces new ideas.Expand your world Many discoveries in sciences, engineering and the arts mix ideas from different fields. Consider "the Two-String problem". Two widely separated strings hang from a ceiling. Even though you can’t reach both at once, is it possible to tie their ends together, using only a pair of pliers One college student found the solution almost immediately. He tied the pliers to one string and set it in motion like pendulum (钟摆). As it swung back and forth, he walked quickly to the other string and drew it as far forward as it would reach. Then he caught the swinging string when it passed near him and tied the two ends. Asked how he had solved the problem, the student explained he had just come from a physics class on pendulum motion. What he had learned in one context transferred to a completely different one. This principle works outside the lab as well. To enhance your creativity, learn something new. If you’re banker, take up tap dancing. If you’re a nurse, try a course in mythology. Read a book on a subject you know little about. Change your daily newspaper. The new will interconnect with the old in novel and potentially fascinating ways. Becoming more creative is really just a matter of paying attention to that endless flow of ideas you produce, and learning to capture and act upon the new that’s within you. Salvador Dali is a famous surrealist painter, whose works are highly controversial from the modernism or even post-modernism perspective.
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