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Not every President is a leader, but every time we elect a President we hope for one, especially in times of doubt and crisis. In easy times we are ambivalent -- the leader, after all, makes demands, challenges the status quo, shakes things up.Leadership is as much a question of timing as anything else.(67) And when he comes, he must offer a simple, eloquent message.Great leaders are almost always great simplifiers, who cut through argument, debate and doubt to offer a solution everybody can understand and remember. Churchill warned the British to expect "blood, toil, tears and sweat"; FDR told Americans that "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself"; Lenin promised the war-weary Russians peace, land and bread. Straightforward but potent messages.We have an image of what a leader ought to be. We even recognize the physical signs: Leaders may not necessarily be tall, but they must have bigger-than-life, commanding features--LBJ’s nose and ear lobes, Ike’s broad grin. A trademark also comes in handy: Lincoln’s stovepipe hat, JFK’s rocker. We expect our leaders to stand out a little, not to be like ordinary men. Half of President Ford’s trouble lay in the fact that, if you closed your eyes for a moment, you couldn’t remember his face, figure or clothes. A leader should have an unforgettable identity, instantly and permanently fixed in people’s minds.It also helps for a leader to be able to do something most of us can’ t: FDR overcame polio; Mao swam the Yangtze River at the age of 72. We don’t want our leaders to be "just like us". We want them to be like us but better, special, more so.(68) Even television, which comes in for a lot of knocks as an image-builder that magnifies form over substance, doesn’t altogether obscure the qualities of leadership we recognize, or their absence. Television exposed Nixon’s insecurity, Humphrey’s fatal infatuation with his own voice.A leader must know how to use power, but he also has to have a way of showing that he does. He has to be able to project firmness-- no physical clumsiness(like Ford., no rapid eye movements(like Carter).A Chinese philosopher once remarked that a leader must have the grace of a good dancer, and there is a great deal of wisdom to this.(69) He should be able, like Lincoln, FDR, Truman, Ike and JFK, to give a good, hearty, belly laugh, instead of the sickly grin that passes for good humor in Nixon or Carter. Ronald Reagan’s training as an actor showed to good effect in the debate with Carter, when by his easy manner and apparent affability, he managed to convey the impression that in fact he was the President and Carter the challenger.If we know what we’ re looking for, why is it so difficult to find The answer lies in a very simple truth about leadership. People can only be led where they want to go. The leader follows, though a step ahead.(70) The British believed that they could still win the war after the defeats of 1940, and Churchill told them they were right.A leader rides the waves, moves with the tides, understands the deepest yearnings of his people. He cannot make a nation that wants peace at any price go to war, or stop a nation determined to fight from doing so. His purpose must match the national mood. His task is to focus the people’s energies and desires, to define them in simple terms, to inspire, and make what people already want seem attainable, important, within their grasp.(71) Winston Churchill managed, by sheer rhetoric, to turn the British defeat and the evacuation of Dunkirk in 1940 into a major victory. FDR’s words turned the sinking of the American fleet at Pearl Harbor into a national rallying cry instead of a humiliating national scandal. A leader must stir our blood, not appeal to our reason...A great leader must have a certain irrational quality, a stubborn refusal to face facts, infectious optimism, the ability to convince us that all is not lost even when we’re afraid it is. Confucius suggested that, while the advisers of a great leader should be as cold as ice, the leader himself should have fire, a spark of divine madness.A. Yet if they are too different, we reject them. Adlai Stevenson was too cerebral. Nelson Rockefeller, too rich.B. The leader must appear on the scene at a moment when people are looking for leadership, as Churchill did in 1940, as Roosevelt did in 1933, as Lenin did in 1917.C. Americans wanted to climb out of the Depression and needed someone to tell them they could do it, and FDR did.D. Our strength makes him strong; our determination makes him determined; our courage makes him a hero. He is the symbol of the best in us.E. Above all, he must dignify our desires, convince us that we are taking part in the making of great history, give us a sense of glory about ourselves.F. A leader should know how to appear relaxed and confident. His walk should be firm and purposeful. 69().
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Questions 18 to 20 are based on the following passage. At the end of the passage, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the passage. According to the passage, the work of "Youth Summit" refers to
Not long ago, it seemed that there would come a day quite soon when science would reveal that every food would be toxic and every practice lethal. Or, at any rate, that is how things appeared to many ordinary people. The supposition was based on half-digested and partially understood scientific reports. As a code of belief it still has its disciples—only the other day I found myself sitting at dinner between women who, to hear them talk, seemed to imagine that every article in the supermarket was deadly. But I am pleased to report that, at long last, I detect the first signs that my fellow citizens are beginning to emerge from the gloomy depression in which it has been fashionable to hide for the past 20 years or so. There are now a handful of daring souls who are prepared once again to eat the odd spoonful of strawberry’ jam and take the consequences. They have noticed, perhaps, that for all the talk about refined sugar, the strawberry jam, mortality rate is somewhat lower than they had previously been led to expect. The loss of nerve, from which the ordinary person seems to be recovering, was caused by several factors. First, he was told by various professional watchdogs, public analysts and medical officers of health that it would be a good thing if he knew the contents of all the foods he bought. But when he saw the lists of ingredients dutifully printed on the sides of packets and bottles, he trembled and feared for his safety. The second thing which once frightened the timid but which, I do believe, is now frightening them less, was the remarkable scientific advance which, all unremarked by the general public and its legislators, has been revolutionising analytical chemistry. What this galloping advance in analytical acuity means is that scientists can now isolate the tiniest amounts of harmful substances in foods which ,hitherto, have always been considered safe, or in some cases beneficial. Now there are sophisticated tests which can detect poisons in the tiniest amount—not even enough to kill a mouse. Over the years the general public has been bombarded with half-correct newspaper reports of the increasing number of foods which detailed investigation has proved contain harmful substances in some degree. And so it came to pass that few foods could face the charge of toxicity with equanimity. Gradually, I do believe, a still small voice has come to be heard amid the hubbub—the voice of common sense. Surprisingly, it was first heard in the United states. Prolonged tests on mice had shown that saccharin was—even to a minuscule degree—carcinogenic. A few years ago, such a finding would have led to public turmoil and the exclusion of all saccharin from the American scene. This time, however, there was a pause for reflection. If even a huge intake of saccharin could only be expected to give you cancer 70 or 80 years hence, did it really matter Or should one insist on the government protecting one from being poisoned, not merely during one’s lifetime, but after one’s death as well Nitrosamines will undoubtedly posion you—if you take a poisonous dose. But when it was found recently that tiny traces can be detected in whisky, people kept their nerve and reckoned that, just as the minute amounts of gold which every schoolboy knows can be found in seawater do no one any good, so the picograms of nitrosamines did them no harm. I salute the dawn of common sense. The author is optimistic that we are now beginning to realise that ______.
Do It Yourself Magazine organizes a competition every summer to elect the“Handyman of the year”. The winner of this year iS Mr．Roy Miller. a Sheffield postman. A journalist and a photographer have come to his house. The journalist is interviewing Mr. Miller for an article in the magazine.W：Well, I’m very impressed by all the work you’ve done on your house, Mr. Miller. How long have you been working on itM：I first became interested in Do-it-Yourself several years ago. You see, my son Paul is disabled. He’s in a wheel-chair and I just had to make alterations to the house. I couldn’t afford to pay workmen to do it. I had to learn to do it myself.W：Had you had any experience in this kind of workDid you have any practical skillsM：No. 1 got a few books from the library but they didn’t help very much. So I decided to go to evening classes so that I could learn basic carpentry and electrical wiring.W：What sort of changes did you make to the houseM：First of all, practical things to help Paul. You never really realize the problems handicapped people have until it attacks your own family. Most government buildings, for example, have steps up to the door. They don’t plan buildings so that disabled people can get in and out. We used to live in a flat, and of course, it was totally unsuitable. Just imagine the problems a disabled person would have in your house. We needed a larger house with wide corridors so that Paul could get from one room to another. We didn’t have much money and we had to buy this one. It’s over ninety years old and it was in a very bad state of repair.W：Where did you beginM：The electrical. I completely rewired the house so that Paul could reach all the switches. I had to lower the light switches and raise the power-points. I went on to do the whole house so that Paul could reach things and go where he needed.W：What else did you doM：By the time I’d altered everything for Paul, do-it-yourself had become a hobby. I really enjoyed doing things with my hands. Look, I even installed smoke-alarms.W：What was the purpose of thatM：I was very worried about fire. You see, Paul can’t move very fast. I fitted them so that we would have plenty of warning if there were a fire. I put in a complete burglar-alarm system. It took weeks．The front door opens automatically. and I’m going to put a device on Paul’s wheelchair so that he’ll be able to open and close it when he wants.W：What are you working on nowM：I’ve just finished the kitchen. I’ve designed it so that he can reach everything. Now I’m building an extension so that Paul will have a large room on the ground floor where he can work.W：There’s a $10,000 prize. How are you going to spend itM：I am going to start my own business so that I can convert ordinary houses for disabled people. I think I’ve become an expert on the subject. Mr Miller did changes on the house only for fun.
Not every President is a leader, but every time we elect a President we hope for one, especially in times of doubt and crisis. In easy times we are ambivalent -- the leader, after all, makes demands, challenges the status quo, shakes things up.Leadership is as much a question of timing as anything else.(67) And when he comes, he must offer a simple, eloquent message.Great leaders are almost always great simplifiers, who cut through argument, debate and doubt to offer a solution everybody can understand and remember. Churchill warned the British to expect "blood, toil, tears and sweat"; FDR told Americans that "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself"; Lenin promised the war-weary Russians peace, land and bread. Straightforward but potent messages.We have an image of what a leader ought to be. We even recognize the physical signs: Leaders may not necessarily be tall, but they must have bigger-than-life, commanding features--LBJ’s nose and ear lobes, Ike’s broad grin. A trademark also comes in handy: Lincoln’s stovepipe hat, JFK’s rocker. We expect our leaders to stand out a little, not to be like ordinary men. Half of President Ford’s trouble lay in the fact that, if you closed your eyes for a moment, you couldn’t remember his face, figure or clothes. A leader should have an unforgettable identity, instantly and permanently fixed in people’s minds.It also helps for a leader to be able to do something most of us can’ t: FDR overcame polio; Mao swam the Yangtze River at the age of 72. We don’t want our leaders to be "just like us". We want them to be like us but better, special, more so.(68) Even television, which comes in for a lot of knocks as an image-builder that magnifies form over substance, doesn’t altogether obscure the qualities of leadership we recognize, or their absence. Television exposed Nixon’s insecurity, Humphrey’s fatal infatuation with his own voice.A leader must know how to use power, but he also has to have a way of showing that he does. He has to be able to project firmness-- no physical clumsiness(like Ford., no rapid eye movements(like Carter).A Chinese philosopher once remarked that a leader must have the grace of a good dancer, and there is a great deal of wisdom to this.(69) He should be able, like Lincoln, FDR, Truman, Ike and JFK, to give a good, hearty, belly laugh, instead of the sickly grin that passes for good humor in Nixon or Carter. Ronald Reagan’s training as an actor showed to good effect in the debate with Carter, when by his easy manner and apparent affability, he managed to convey the impression that in fact he was the President and Carter the challenger.If we know what we’ re looking for, why is it so difficult to find The answer lies in a very simple truth about leadership. People can only be led where they want to go. The leader follows, though a step ahead.(70) The British believed that they could still win the war after the defeats of 1940, and Churchill told them they were right.A leader rides the waves, moves with the tides, understands the deepest yearnings of his people. He cannot make a nation that wants peace at any price go to war, or stop a nation determined to fight from doing so. His purpose must match the national mood. His task is to focus the people’s energies and desires, to define them in simple terms, to inspire, and make what people already want seem attainable, important, within their grasp.(71) Winston Churchill managed, by sheer rhetoric, to turn the British defeat and the evacuation of Dunkirk in 1940 into a major victory. FDR’s words turned the sinking of the American fleet at Pearl Harbor into a national rallying cry instead of a humiliating national scandal. A leader must stir our blood, not appeal to our reason...A great leader must have a certain irrational quality, a stubborn refusal to face facts, infectious optimism, the ability to convince us that all is not lost even when we’re afraid it is. Confucius suggested that, while the advisers of a great leader should be as cold as ice, the leader himself should have fire, a spark of divine madness.A. Yet if they are too different, we reject them. Adlai Stevenson was too cerebral. Nelson Rockefeller, too rich.B. The leader must appear on the scene at a moment when people are looking for leadership, as Churchill did in 1940, as Roosevelt did in 1933, as Lenin did in 1917.C. Americans wanted to climb out of the Depression and needed someone to tell them they could do it, and FDR did.D. Our strength makes him strong; our determination makes him determined; our courage makes him a hero. He is the symbol of the best in us.E. Above all, he must dignify our desires, convince us that we are taking part in the making of great history, give us a sense of glory about ourselves.F. A leader should know how to appear relaxed and confident. His walk should be firm and purposeful. 68().
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