Passage Three We assumed ethics needed the seal of certainty, else it was non-rational. And certainty was to be produced by a deductive model: the correct actions were derivable from classical first principles or a hierarchically ranked pantheon of principles. This model, though, is bankrupt. I suggest we think of ethics as analogous to language usage. There are no univocal rules of grammar and style which uniquely determine the best sentence for a particular situation. Nor is language usage universalizable. Although a sentence or phrase is warranted in one case, it does not mean it is automatically appropriate in like circumstances. Nonetheless, language usage is not subjective. This should not surprise us in the least. All intellectual pursuits are relativistic in just these senses. Political science, psychology, chemistry, and physics are not certain, but they are not subjective either. As I see it, ethnical inquiry proceeds like this: we are taught moral principles by parents, teachers, and society at large. As we grow older we become exposed to competing views. These may lead us to reevaluate presently held beliefs. Or we may find ourselves inexplicably making certain valuations, possibly because of inherited altruistic tendencies. We may "learn the hard way" that some actions generate unacceptable consequences. Or we may reflect upon our own and others’ "theories" or patterns of behavior and decide they are inconsistent. The resulting views are "tested"; we act as we think we should and evaluate the consequences of those actions on ourselves and on others. We thereby correct our mistakes in light of the test of time. Of course people make different moral judgments; of course we cannot resolve these differences by using some algorithm which is itself beyond judgment. We have no vantage point outside human experience where we can judge right and wrong, good and bad. But then we don’t have a vantage point from where we can be philosophical relativists either. We are left within the real world, trying to cope with ourselves, with each other, with the world, and with our own fallibility. We do not have all the moral answers, nor do we have an algorithm to discern those answers, neither do we possess an algorithm for determining correct language usage but that does not make us throw up our hands in despair because we can no longer communicate. If we understand ethics in this way, we can see, I think, the real value of ethical theory. Some people talk as if ethical theories give us moral prescriptions. They think we should apply ethical principles as we would a poultice: after diagnosing the ailment, we apply the appropriate dressing. But that is a mistake. No theory provides a set of abstract solutions to apply straightforwardly. Ethical theories are important not because they solve all moral dilemmas but because they help us notice salient features of moral problems and help us understand those problems in context. What does the author mean by saying that we may learn moral principles "the hard way"
A. We reevaluate our previously held beliefs as we grow older.
B. We refute some moral principles only after we find them inconsistent.
C. We acquire a sense of right and wrong from real life lessons.
D. We act by ignoring our inherited altruistic tendencies.
阅读下列程序: #include<iostream.h> void main() int i,row=0,column=0,min; static int a[3][3]=100,28,72,-30,2,•100; min=a[0][0]; for(i=0;i<3;i++) for(j=0;j<3;j++) if(a[i][j]<min) min=a[i][j]; row=i; column=j; cout<<min<<","<<row<<","<<column<<endl; 该程序的执行结果为( )。
A. -100,2,3
B. -100,1,2
C. 100,1,1
D. 100,0,0
下列关于刑事诉讼一审审判程序中错误的是( )。
A. 审判程序的顺序是庭审预备、宣布开庭、法庭辩论、法庭调查、被告人最后陈述、评议、宣判
B. 庭审预备工作,由书记员完成,依次做好下列工作:查明公诉人、当事人、证人及其他诉讼参与人是否到庭;宣读法庭规则;请公诉人、辩护人入庭,请审判长、审判员入庭,并向审判长报告开庭前的准备工作就绪,请审判长开庭审判案件
C. 宣布开庭,由审判长宣布法庭审理开始
D. 法庭调查程序中,由审判员而不是书记员对证人的身份进行查明
Directions: Read the following passage. For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A. B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. In the late 1960’s, many people in North America turned their attention to environmental problems, and new steel-and-glass skyscrapers were widely criticized. Ecologists pointing (21) that a cluster of tall buildings in a city often overburdens public transportation and parking lot (22) . Skyscrapers are also enormous (23) , and wasters, of electric power. In one recent year, the addition (24) 17 million square feet of skyscraper office space in New York City raised the (25) daily demand for electricity by 120,000 kilowatts-- enough to (26) the entire city of Albany for a day. Glass-wailed skyscraper can be especially (27) . The heat loss (or gain) through a wall of half-inch plate glass is more than ten times (28) through a typical masonry wall filled with insulation board. To lessen the strain (29) heating and air-conditioning equipment, (30) of skyscrapers have begun to use double-glazed panels of glass, and reflective glasses (31) with silver or gold mirror films that reduce (32) as well as heat gain. However, (33) skyscrapers raise the temperature of the surrounding air and (34) neighboring buildings. Skyscrapers put severe pressure on a city’s sanitation (35) , too. If fully occupied, the two World Trade Center towers in New York City would alone generate 2.25 million gallons of raw sewage each year--as (36) as a city the size of Stamford, Connecticut, which has a (37) of more than 109,000. Skyscrapers also (38) with television reception, block bird flyways, and obstruct air traffic. Still, people (39) to build skyscrapers for all the reasons that they have always built them--personal ambition and the (40) of owners to have the largest possible amount of rentable space.
A. many
B. much
C. few
D. little