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Part AText 1 People in the United States are becoming more and more aware of the influence of the automobile on their lives. The automobile has an influence on social life, on the economy, and on the environment. It is particularly its influence on the environment that people are increasingly worrying about. It has become obvious that the automobile contributes to air and noise pollution, traffic congestion, urban decay, and suburban sprawl, and that it has kept mass transit systems from developing. People are not so aware, however, of the relation between the automobile and energy problems. In the past few years the country has had energy problems such as brownouts and blackouts, fuel shortages, rising fuel prices, and bad effects on the environment caused by producing energy and converting it from one form to another. These energy problems are in fact closely related to the automobile. An enormous amount of energy, supplied mainly by petroleum, is required by the automobile. In fact, the automobile is responsible for 25 percent of the total energy consumption in the United States. Gasoline is only part of the energy required. It also take energy to manufacture the automobile in the first place. Then it must be transported to dealers who advertise and sell it, all of which takes energy. Energy is also required to make replacement parts for automobile repair. Once the car is on the road, energy still must go into producing gasoline for it. Oil fields must be discovered. Oil must be pumped to the surface and refined. And think of the energy required annually to build and maintain highways and roads. All together the energy requirements of a car are about 50 percent for gasoline and 50 percent for all these other needs that we have just mentioned. The question is, what can we do about all this What can we do to lower this figure, to conserve energy resources so as to reduce air pollution and help solve both our energy and automobile problems The most important thing we can do is to promote changes in passenger transportation. Bicycles are 22 times as energy-efficient as cars, walking 18 times, buses almost 4 times, and railroads 2.5 times. Only airplanes are less energy-efficient than cars. If we promote such changes, we won’t only conserve energy. We will also reduce the crowding and noise in the cities and we can use land for parks instead of for parking lots. It will take time for such changes to come about. Fortunately the sale of bicycles is increasing. And one thing we can do immediately is to increase the energy-efficiency of cars by using smaller cars and carrying more passengers. These changes that have just been suggested will require other changes in our society too, which some people may resist. It will not be easy to make these changes. But consider the alternatives. Which of the following consumes most energy
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Questions 17 to 20 are based on the following talk about school meals in the UK. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17 to 20. Who started the campaign to improve children’s nutrition
Part A You will hear a talk on how to obtain information. As you listen, answer Questions 1 to 10 by circling True or False. You will listen to the talk ONLY ONCE. You now have 1 minute to read Questions 1 to 10. Mr. Kobasa believes that the move to electronic media is just the latest format change for information, but not the last.
Hello. It’s been another warm and fine day for most of us. Temperatures in south-east England reached twenty-six degrees Centigrade by mid-afternoon, and Brighton had fifteen hours of lovely sunshine. But the weather is already beginning to change. I’m afraid, and during the night showers will slowly move in from the Atlantic to reach south-west England and the southern coast of Wales by early morning.The rest of the country will have a very mild, dry night with minimum temperatures no lower than fifteen degrees in the south, a little cooler--eleven degrees or so -- in the north. Any remaining showers in northwest Scotland will pass quickly, to leave a mild, dry night there too.And now, the outlook for Friday and the weekend. Well, southern Europe will once again get the best of the weekend weather, and if your holiday starts this weekend, then southern Spain is the place to go, with temperatures of thirty-four degrees along the Mediterranean coast. You can expect uninterrupted sunshine and temperatures of up to thirty-two degrees Centigrade in Greece and south-east Italy, but further north the weather’s not so settled. Much of France, Belgium and the Netherlands will be cloudy with occasional rain and maximum temperatures will be around twenty-two degrees -- very disappointing for this time of the year.Scotland and Northern Ireland will have heavy rain for much of the weekend and temperatures will drop to seventeen degrees. Across most of England the weather will be cloudy but mainly dry with sunny periods. And when the sun does come out temperatures could rise to a maximum of twenty-degrees.When will showers reach south-west England and the southern coast of Wales ______ 6What will the minimum temperature be in the south during the night ______ 7On what day of the week do you think this weather forecast was given ______ 8What will be the general feeling about the weekend in the Netherlands ______ 9What part of England will be cloudy and dry over the weekend ______ 10 9().
Part AText 1 People in the United States are becoming more and more aware of the influence of the automobile on their lives. The automobile has an influence on social life, on the economy, and on the environment. It is particularly its influence on the environment that people are increasingly worrying about. It has become obvious that the automobile contributes to air and noise pollution, traffic congestion, urban decay, and suburban sprawl, and that it has kept mass transit systems from developing. People are not so aware, however, of the relation between the automobile and energy problems. In the past few years the country has had energy problems such as brownouts and blackouts, fuel shortages, rising fuel prices, and bad effects on the environment caused by producing energy and converting it from one form to another. These energy problems are in fact closely related to the automobile. An enormous amount of energy, supplied mainly by petroleum, is required by the automobile. In fact, the automobile is responsible for 25 percent of the total energy consumption in the United States. Gasoline is only part of the energy required. It also take energy to manufacture the automobile in the first place. Then it must be transported to dealers who advertise and sell it, all of which takes energy. Energy is also required to make replacement parts for automobile repair. Once the car is on the road, energy still must go into producing gasoline for it. Oil fields must be discovered. Oil must be pumped to the surface and refined. And think of the energy required annually to build and maintain highways and roads. All together the energy requirements of a car are about 50 percent for gasoline and 50 percent for all these other needs that we have just mentioned. The question is, what can we do about all this What can we do to lower this figure, to conserve energy resources so as to reduce air pollution and help solve both our energy and automobile problems The most important thing we can do is to promote changes in passenger transportation. Bicycles are 22 times as energy-efficient as cars, walking 18 times, buses almost 4 times, and railroads 2.5 times. Only airplanes are less energy-efficient than cars. If we promote such changes, we won’t only conserve energy. We will also reduce the crowding and noise in the cities and we can use land for parks instead of for parking lots. It will take time for such changes to come about. Fortunately the sale of bicycles is increasing. And one thing we can do immediately is to increase the energy-efficiency of cars by using smaller cars and carrying more passengers. These changes that have just been suggested will require other changes in our society too, which some people may resist. It will not be easy to make these changes. But consider the alternatives. Energy is required in all of the following except ______ .
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