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Text 3Lately social scientists have begun to ask if culture is found just in humans, or if some animals have culture too. When we speak of culture, we mean a way of life a group of people have in common Culture includes the beliefs and attitudes we learn. It is the patterns of behavior that help people to live together. It is also the patterns of behavior that make one group of people different from another group.Our culture lets us make up for having lost our strength, claws, long teeth, and other defenses. Instead, We use tools, cooperate with one another, and communicate in language. But these aspects of human behavior, or "culture", can also be found in the lives of certain animals.We used to think that the ability to use tools was the dividing line between human beings and other animals. Lately, however, we have found that this is not the case. Chimpanzees can not only use tools but actually make tools themselves. This is a major step up from simply picking up a handy object and using it. For example, chimps have been seen stripping the leaves and twigs off a branch, then putting it into a termite nest. When the termites bite at the stick, the chimp removes it and eats them off the end--not unlike our use of a fork!For some time we thought that although human beings learned their culture, animals couldn’t be taught such behavior. Or even if they could learn, they would not teach one another in the ;ay people do. This too has proven to be untrue. A group of Japanese monkeys was studied at the Kyoto university Monkey Centre in Japan. They were given sweet potatoes by scientists who wanted to attract them to the shore of an island. One day a young female began to wash her sweet potato to get rid of the sand. This practice soon spread through out the group. It became, learned behavior, not ’from humans but from other monkeys. Now almost all monkeys who have not come into contact with this group do not. Thus we have a "cultural" difference among animals.We have ruled out tool use and invention as ways of telling animal behavior from human behavior. We have also ruled out learning and sharing of behavior. Yet we still have held out the last feature--language. But even the use of language can no longer separate human culture from animal culture. Attempts to teach apes to speak have failed. However, this is because apes do not have the proper vocal organs. But teaching them language has been very successful if we are willing to accept another forms rather than just the spoken word. Two psychologists trained a chimpanzee named Washoe to use Standard American Sign Language. This is the same language used by deaf people. In this language, "talk" is made through gestures, and not by spelling out words with individual letters. By the time she was five years old, Washoe had a vocabulary of 130 signs. Also, she could put them together in new ways that had not been taught her originally. This means she could create language and not just copy it. She creates her own sentences that have real meaning. This has allowed two-way talk. It permits more than one-way command and response.Of course, there are limits to the culture of animals. As far as we know, no ape has formed social institutions such as religion, law, or economics. Also, some chimps may be able to learn sign language; but this form of language is limited in its ability to communicate abstract ideas. Yet with a spoken language we can communicate our entire culture to anyone else who knows that language. Perhaps the most important thing we have learned from studies of other animals is that the line dividing us from them is not as clear as we used to think. Which of the following is TRUE according to par（）
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Text 2"We mustn’t delay any longer.., swallowing is difficult... and breathing, that’s also difficult. Those muscles are weakening too.., we mustn’t delay any longer."These were the words of Dutchman .Cees Van Wendel de Joode asking his doctor to help him die. Affected with a serious disease, Van Wendel was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating.Van Wendel’s last three months of life before being given a final, lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands. The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown, it starts a nationwide debate on the subject.The Netherlands is the only country in Europe which permits euthanasia, although it is not technically legal there. However, doctors who carry out euthanasia under strict guidelines introduced by the Dutch Parliament two years ago are usually not prosecuted. The guidelines demand that the patient is experiencing extreme suffering, that there is no chance of a cure, and that the patient has made repeated requests for euthanasia. In addition to this, a second doctor must confirm that these criteria have been met and the death must be reported to the police department.Should doctors be allowed to take the lives of others Dr. Wilfred Van Oijen, Cees Van Wendel’s doctor, explains how he looks at the question:"Well, it’s not as if I’m planning to murder a crowd of people with a machine gun. In that case, killing is the worst thing I can imagine. But that’s entirely different from my work as a doctor. I care for people and I try to ensure that they don’t suffer too much. That’s a very different thing."Many people, though, are totally against the practice of euthanasia. Dr. Andrew Ferguson, Chairman of the organization Healthcare Opposed to Euthanasia, says that "In the vast majority of euthanasia cases, what the patient is actually asking for is something else. They may want a health professional to open up communication for them with their loved ones or family--there’s nearly always another question behind the question."Britain also has a strong tradition of hospices--special hospital which care only for the dying and their special needs. Cicely Saunders, president of the National Hospice Council and a founder member of the hospice movement, argues that euthanasia doesn’t take into account that there are ways of caring for the dying. She is also concerned that allowing euthanasia would undermine the need for care and consideration of a wide range of people: It’s very easy in society now for the elderly, the disabled and the dependent to feel that they are burdens, and therefore that they ought to opt out. I think that anything that legally allows the shortening of life does make those people more vulnerable."Many find this prohibition of an individual’ s right to die paternalistic. Although they agree that life is important and should be respected, they feel that the quality of life should not be ignored. Dr. Van Oijen believes that people have the fundamental fight to choose for themselves if they want’ to die: "What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people haven’t the right. And that when people are very ill, we are all afraid of their death. But there are situations where death is a friend. And in those cases, why not"But "why not "is a question which might cause strong emotion .The film showing Cees Van Wendel’ s death was both moving and sensitive. His doctor was clearly a family friend; his wife had only her husband’s interests at heart. Some, however, would argue that it would be dangerous to use this particular example to support the-case for euthanasia. Not all patients would receive such a high level of individual care and attention. According to those who oppose euthanasia, Cees Van Wendel's case（）.
中国电影《黄土地》是由______导演的。( )
Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the student. (1) a long reading assignment is given, instructors expect students to be familiar with the (2) in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination. The (3) student is considered to be (4) who is motivated to learn for the sake of (5) , not the one interested only in getting high grades. Sometimes homework is returned (6) brief written comments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the student is (7) for learning the material assigned.When research is (8) ,the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with (9) guidance. It is the (10) responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain (11) a university library works; they expect students, (12) graduate students, to be able to exhaust the reference (13) in the library. Professor will help students who need it, but (14) that their students should not be (15) ,dependent on them. In the United States professors have many other duties (16) teaching, such as administrative or research work. (17) ,the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is (18) .If a student has problems with classroom work, the student should either , (19) a professor during office hours (20) make an appointment. 18（）
Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the student. (1) a long reading assignment is given, instructors expect students to be familiar with the (2) in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination. The (3) student is considered to be (4) who is motivated to learn for the sake of (5) , not the one interested only in getting high grades. Sometimes homework is returned (6) brief written comments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the student is (7) for learning the material assigned.When research is (8) ,the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with (9) guidance. It is the (10) responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain (11) a university library works; they expect students, (12) graduate students, to be able to exhaust the reference (13) in the library. Professor will help students who need it, but (14) that their students should not be (15) ,dependent on them. In the United States professors have many other duties (16) teaching, such as administrative or research work. (17) ,the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is (18) .If a student has problems with classroom work, the student should either , (19) a professor during office hours (20) make an appointment. 16（）
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