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Many of the nation’s top-ranked medical centers employ some of the same advertising techniques doctors often criticize drug companies for—concealing risks and playing on fear, vanity and other emotions to attract patients, a study found. The study of newspaper ads by 17 top-rated university medical centers highlights the conflict between serving public health and making money. Some ads, especially those bragging specific services, might create a sense of need in otherwise healthy patients and "seem to put the financial interests of the academic medical center ahead of the best interests of the patients. " Hospital officials defended their ads as fair, ethically sound and necessary in a competitive market. The centers studied were on U. S. News ＆ World Report’s 2002 honor roll of the nation’s best hospitals. Of 122 ads designed to attract patients and published in newspapers in 2002, 21 promoted specific services, including Botox anti-wrinkle injections and laser eye surgery. Only one of the 21 ads mentioned the risks. Most of the 122 ads—62 percent—used an emotional appeal to attract patients. One third used slogans focusing on technology, fostering a misperception that high-tech medicine is always better. "As a result, patients may be given false hopes and unrealistic expectations," the researchers said. As leading sources for specialized medical care, training and innovation, academic medical centers were selected "because we thought they would be the best-case scenario," said lead author Dr. Robin Larson, a researcher at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in White River Junction, Vt. "We thought if we find problems there, we would assume that they’re only worse" at community hospitals. University medical centers generally are not-for-profit but still face financial pressures to attract patients and stay afloat. Hospital advertising began about 20 years ago and grew as managed care increased competition among hospitals. The authors said it has risen among academic medical centers in the past decade. Johns Hopkins spokeswoman Elaine Freeman said the study highlights an important point—that academic medical centers need to be sensitive to conflicts between money and altruism. But Freeman said that advertising helps educate the public and that Hopkins has a review process to make sure its ads are fair and balanced. Vanderbilt spokesman Joel Lee also said his hospital’s ads are ethical, including the one featuring spilled coffee. He said that the ad was intended to create awareness about women’s heart attack symptoms differing from men’s. University of Chicago Hospitals’ spokeswoman Catherine Gianaro said: "If any institution or company didn’t remain economically viable, they wouldn’t be able to serve the public health. " American Hospital Association spokesman Rick Wade said that advertising is a necessity for hospitals, and that appealing to emotion is inherent in advertising. According to AHA guidelines, emotion-evoking ads are acceptable if they maintain "a proper sensitivity" toward vulnerable patients, and are fair and accurate. The guidelines also frown on ads for risky procedures that do not disclose the risks. The researchers criticize the ads for all the following EXCEPT
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To produce the upheaval (激变) in the United States that changed and modernized the domain of higher education from the mid-1860s to the mid-1880s, three primary causes interacted. The (1) of a half-dozen leaders in education provided the personal force that was needed. (2) , an outcry (呐喊) for a fresher, more practical, and more advanced kind of instruction (3) among the alumni (校友) and friends of nearly all of the old colleges and grew into a movement that overrode (压倒) all (4) opposition. The aggressive "Young Yale" movement appeared, demanding partial alumni control, a more (5) spirit, and a broader course of study. The graduates of Harvard College simultaneously (6) to relieve the college’s poverty and demand new (7) . Education was pushing toward higher standards in the East by (8) off church leadership everywhere, and in the West by finding a wider range of studies and a new (9) of public duty.The old-style classical education received its most crushing (10) in the citadel (城堡) of Harvard College, (11) Dr. Charles Eliot, a young captain of thirty-five, son of a former treasurer of Harvard, led the (12) forces. Five revolutionary advances were made during the first years of Dr. Eliot’s (13) They were the elevation and amplification of entrance requirements, the enlargement of the (14) and the development of the (15) system, the recognition of graduate study in the liberal arts, the raising of professional training in law, medicine, and engineering to a postgraduate level, and the fostering (培养) of greater (16) in student life. Standard of admission were sharply advanced in 1872—1877. (17) the appointment of a clean (院长) to take charge of student affairs, and a wise handling of (18) , the undergraduates were led to regard themselves more as young gentlemen and (19) as young animals. One new course of study after another was (20) —science, music, the history of the fine arts, advanced Spanish, political economy, physics and international law. Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.2（）
"Twenty years ago, Blackpool turned its back on the sea and tried to make itself into an entertainment center,"says Robin Wood, a local official. "Now the thinking is that we should try to refocus on the sea and make Blackpool a family destination again." To say that Blackpool neglected the sea is to put it mildly. In 1976 the European Community, as it then was called, instructed member nations to make their beaches conform to certain minimum standards of cleanliness within ten years. Britain, rather than complying, took the novel strategy of contending that many of its most popular beaches were not swimming beaches at all. Because of Britain’’s climate the sea-bathing season is short, and most people don’’t go in above their knees anyway -- and hence can’’t really be said to be swimming. By averaging out the number of people actually swimming across 365 days of the year, the government was able to persuade itself, if no one else, that Britain had hardly any real swimming beaches. As one environmentalist put it to me: "You had the ludicrous situation in which Luxembourg had more listed public bathing beaches than the whole of the United Kingdom. It was preposterous." Meanwhile, Blackpool continued to discharge raw sewage straight into the sea. Finally, after much pressure from both environmental groups and the European Union, the local water authority built a new waste-treatment facility for the whole of Blackpool and neighboring communities. The facility came online in June 1996. For the first time since the industrial revolution Blackpool’’s waters are safe to swim in. That done, the town is now turning its attention to making the seafront more visually attractive. The promenade, once a rather elegant place to stroll, had become increasingly tatty and neglected. "It was built in Victorian times and needed a thorough overhaul anyway," says Wood, "so we decided to make aesthetic improvements at the same time, to try to draw people back to it. Blackpool recently spent about $1.4 million building new kiosks for vendors and improving seating around the Central Pier and plans to spend a further $15 million on various amenity projects. The most striking thing about Blackpool these days compared with 20 years ago is how empty its beaches are. When the tide is out, Blackpool’’s beaches are a vast plain of beckoning sand. They look spacious enough to accommodate comfortably the entire populace of northern England. Ken Welsby remembers days when, as he puts it, "you couldn’’t lay down a handkerchief on this beach, it was that crowded." Welsby comes from Preston, 20 miles down the road, and has been visiting Blackpool all his life. Now retired, he had come for the day with his wife, Kitty, and their three young grandchildren, who were gravely absorbed in building a sandcastle. "Two hundred thousand people they’’d have on this beach sometimes,"Welsby said. "You can’’t imagine it now, can you" Indeed I could not. Though it was a bright sunny day in the middle of summer, I counted just 13 people scattered along a half mile or so of open sand. Except for those rare times when hot weather and a public holiday coincide, it is like this nearly always now. "You can’’t imagine how exciting it was to come here for the day when we were young." Kitty said, "Even from Preston, it was a big treat. Now children don’’t want the beach. They want arcade games and rides in helicopters and goodness knows what else." She stared out over the glittery water. "We’’ll never see those days again. It’’s sad really." "But your grandchildren seem to be enjoying it," I pointed out. "For the moment , "Ken said. "For the moment." Afterward I went for a long walk along the empty beach, then went back to the town center and treated myself to a large portion of fish-and-chips wrapped in paper. The way they cook it in Blackpool, it isn’’t so much a meal as an invitation to a heart attack, but it was delicious. Far out over the sea the sun was setting with such splendor that I would almost have sworn I could hear the water kiss where it touched. Behind me the lights of Blackpool Tower were just twinkling on, and the streets were beginning to fill with happy evening throngs. In the purply light of dusk the town looked peaceful and happy ― enchanting even ― and there was an engaging air of expectancy, of fun about to happen. Somewhat to my surprise, I realized that this place was beginning to grow on me. At the beginning, the passage seems to suggest that Blackpool
Directions: Read the following Chinese text and write an abstract of it in 80～100 English words. 现代化要求教师角色重新定位 中国教育现代化的最终达成，相当程度上取决于作为教育主体力量的教师富于创新智慧的开拓性教育实践。全球化教育语境迫切要求教师角色的历史性创新。 全球化已经并将继续催生教育基本理念的诸多深刻转换。在知识观方面，全球化知识经济的新环境，使知识的创新和文明的传播出现了基于知识、注重更新、追求升级换代，并且知识更新换代周期短、数量大的新特征，这样。知识的传授从传统的过去时转向新颖的未来时。在学习观方面，突破空间阻隔的国际互联网，正在并终将把全球的学校、研究所、图书馆和其他种种信息资源联结起来，构成一个庞大和复杂的资源库，以教师为中心的灌输式教学，将被以学习者为中心的自主式学习所取代。个体的志向、兴趣和精神发展的种种需求，将上升为学习的主导性力量。在教师观方而，随着全球化语境中学生个人的知识来源多元化，教师不再被视作知识的唯一拥有者和化身，其功能主要不是传授知识，而是引导和激励学生探寻、发现和创造性地运用知识，并与之和谐共享。教师工作由传授知识变为开发学生智慧和精神资源，职责更为全面、使命更加重要。 这些教育理念的诸多变化，必然对教师传统角色形成新的挑战。以全球化视角来看，教师所关注的并不是通常所谓的灌输条理分明的知识，而是保护使每个学生找到适合自己道路的环境条件。由此可以管窥教师因其职责转换而引发的一系列角色创新。 首先，教师要成为学生教育学意义上的交往者，以平等的人格、除伪的语言，同步实行与学生的人际交往与心灵交流。教师以平等的姿态接纳交互主体的差异性、独特性甚至是局限性，并将这些视作极其珍贵、极其重要的教育资源，而不是以严密预设的目标来封闭开放性对话的“边界”，因此，教师全方位超越了知识提供者、人生设计者之类传统的“权威”角色。 其次，教师要成为学生可持续自主化学习的有力促进者。一方面，教师的教育价值在于引导和促进学生积极、主动地去求知。这样，教师帮学生主动“要学”显然远比被动“学好”更为重要，因为前者才是促进学生坚韧不拔、穿越坎坷、有望建树的“可持续学习”，后者只是复制既往、重在守成的“维持性学习”。而重要的另一方面在于，教师通过平等和诚挚的对话，促进学生不断地寻找、发现那条开发自我、更新旧我的独特道路，从而赋予其学习活动以个体生命的情感体验和深沉意义，正因如此，教师促进学生“会学”显然远比“学会”更重要。所谓“会学”，即教师要促进学生养成开放性思维品格、弹性化价值尺度和变通性发展方向，故“会学”具有指向未来、超越和创新的展开性，而“学会”则往往局限于既定和既有的知识与义理，难免带有一定的滞后性。 再次，教师要成为学生智慧和情意等精神资源的深度开发者。所谓开发者，即教师要以忘我奉献的精神，去珍爱和维持教育学意义上的诸多“环境条件”，以利于教师不仅释放出青春的智慧，而且高扬起崇高的理想精神、坚定的意志品格和纯洁的道德力量，从而通过一生可持续发展，走出属于自己的那条创新性和建树性道路。 展望全球化所引导的新时代，学校作为多元化文明的集散地，将在创造新人的过程中发挥更为重要的作用。为了适应未来社会和未来教育发展对教师角色的新需求，教师应努力把握自身素质结构发展的基本价值取向，重铸自身的人格和精神结构。 一是发展面向全球多元文化、选择融合有机统一的开放性和创新性思维素质。全球教育竞争在相当程度上，取决于教师的思维素质和其思辨力的广度和深度。教师应着力追求以开放性和创新性为基本特征的思维品格。由于网络能够及时、迅速、完整地提供一个真实的全球语境，学生已拥有个性和求异思维的发展空间，故教师能否以开放性眼光，评估和引导学生们五彩缤纷的心智流向，客观对待母体文化和异质文化，无疑是对教师“教育文明”的一种严峻考验。 二是发展适应全球交际需要、有力促进学生精神健康发育的世界性和现代性人格素质。生命的品位、灵魂的境界，取决于人格素质。面对信息多元化、思维自由化的全球语境下时代新特征，面对克隆羊的诞生使人的批量生产在技术上成为可能，黑客的袭击可以摧毁一个国家的金融甚至防卫系统等这些对人类传统价值观的新挑战，教师的教育范畴，显然存在着从单一的认知领域，向情感、道德、意志和行为等非认知领域扩展的现实问题，势必要求教师自觉、主动地优化作为一门隐蔽课程而存在并发挥着重大潜教育价值的自身人格素质。教师要有对全人类、对未来生活的超越性理想精神及其敬业态度，要有以爱心为内核的博大情怀，要有堪为表率的道德品格，还要敢于对学生不耻下问，以期达到教学相长、学海无涯的美好境界。 三是发展符合全球化新时代潮流的教育理论素质。在人类文明的发展中，文字的出现与印刷术的诞生，引发了教育两次质的飞跃。新世纪以来，高新科技正以前所未有的加速度推进着教育的又一次重大变革。尤其是多媒体和信息高速公路，成为人类步入全球化网络时代的重要标志，极为深刻地影响着学校教育理念和模式。教师理当优化自身教育理论素质，从而把原本缺乏人的活力的现代教育技术，融入以人为主体的活生生的教育进程中去。
In a provocative new book The Beauty Bias, Deborah Rhode, a Stanford law professor who proposes a legal regime in which discrimination on the basis of looks is as serious as discrimination based on gender or race, lays out the case for an America in which appearance discrimination is no longer allowed. Rhode is at her most persuasive when arguing that in America, discrimination against unattractive women and short men is as pernicious and widespread as bias based on race, sex, age, ethnicity, religion, and disability. Rhode cites research to prove her point: 11 percent of surveyed couples say they would abort a fetus predisposed toward obesity. College students tell surveyors they’d rather have a spouse who is an embezzler, drug user, or a shoplifter than one who is obese. The less attractive you are in America, the more likely you are to receive a longer prison sentence, a lower damage award, a lower salary, and poorer performance reviews. You are less likely to be married and more likely to be poor. And all of this is compounded by a virtually unregulated beauty and diet industry and soaring rates of elective cosmetic surgery. Rhode reminds us how Hillary Clinton and Sonia Sotomayor were savaged by the media for their looks, and says it’s no surprise that Sarah Palin paid her makeup artist more than any member of her staff in her run for the vice presidency. Critics such as Andrew Sullivan claim that if we legally ban appearance discrimination, the next step will be legal protection of "the short, the skinny, the bald, the knobbly kneed, the flat-chested and the stupid. " But Rhode points out that there are already laws against appearance discrimination on the books in Michigan and six other locales. This hasn’t resulted in an explosion of frivolous suits, she notes. In each jurisdiction the new laws have generated between zero and nine cases annually. Of course the problem with making appearance discrimination illegal is that Americans just really, really like hot girls. And so long as being a hot girl is deemed a bona fide occupational qualification, there will be cocktail waitresses fired for gaining three pounds. It’s not just American men who like things this way. In the most troubling chapter in her book, Rhode explores the feminist movement’s complicated relationship to eternal youth. The truth is that women feel good about competing in beauty pageants. They love six-inch heels. They feel beautiful after cosmetic surgery. You can’t succeed in public life if you look old in America. This doesn’t mean we shouldn’t work toward eradicating discrimination based on appearance. But it may mean recognizing that the law won’t stop us from discriminating against the overweight, the aging, and the imperfect, so long as it’s the quality we all hate most in ourselves. The text is most likely to be
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