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阅读下面的短文，文中有15处空白，每处空白给出4个选项。请根据短文的内容，从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案。Reading Reading involves looking at graphic symbols and formulating mentally the sounds and ideas they represent. Concepts of reading have changed substantially over the centuries. During the 1950’s, and 1960’s especially, increased attention has been devote (51) defining and describing the reading process. (52) specialists agree that reading (53) a complex organization of higher mental (54) , they disagree (55) the exact nature of the process. Some experts, who regard language primarily as a code using symbols to represent sounds, (56) reading as simply the decoding of symbols into the sounds they stand (57) . These authorities (58) that meaning, being concerned with thinking, must be taught independently of the decoding process. Others maintain that reading is inextricably related to thinking, and that a child who pronounces sounds without (59) their meaning is not truly reading. The reader, (60) some, is not just a person with a theoretical ability to read but one who (61) reads. Many adults, although they have the ability to read have never read a book in its entirety. By some experts they would not be (62) as readers. Clearly, the philosophy, objectives, methods and materials of reading will depend on the definition one uses. By the most inclusive and satisfactory definition, reading is the ability to (63) the sound-symbol code of the language, to interpret meaning for various purposes, at various rates, and at various levels of difficulty, and to do (64) widely and enthusiastically. (65) , reading is the interpretation of ideas through the use of symbols representing sounds and ideas.
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Adam Smith, a writer in the 1700s, was the first person to see the importance of the division of labor and to explain part of its advantages. He gives as an example the process by which pins were made in England. "One man draws out the wire, another strengthens it, a third cuts it, a fourth points it, a fifth grinds it at the top to prepare it to receive the head. To make the head requires two or three distinct operations. To put it on is a separate operation, to polish the pins is another. And the important business of making pins is, in this manner, divided into about eighteen distinct operations, which in some factories are all performed by different people, though in others the same man will sometimes perform two or three of them," Ten men, Smith said, in this way, turned out twelve pounds of pins a day or about 4 800 pins a person. But if all of them had worked separately and independently without division of labor, they certainly could not turn out any pin, each of them would have made twenty pins in a day and perhaps not even one There can be no doubt that division of labor is an efficient way of organizing work. Fewer people can make more pins. Adam Smith saw this but he also took it for granted that division of labor is in itself responsible for economic growth and development and that it accounts for the difference between expanding economies and those that stand still. But division of labor adds nothing new: it only enables people to produce more of what they already have. Adam Smith saw that the division of labor ______.
阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断。Basic Research Vs. Applied Research Why does the Foundation concentrate its support on basic rather than applied research Basic research is the very heart of science, and its cumulative product is the capital of scientific progress, a capital that must be constantly increased as the demands upon its rise. The goal of basic research is understanding for its own sake. Understanding of the structure of the atom or the nerve cell, the explosion of a spiral nebula (螺旋星) or the distribution of cosmic dust, the causes of earthquakes and droughts, or of man as a behaving creature and of the social forces that are created whenever two of more human beings come into contact with one another—the scope is staggering, but the commitment to truth is the same. If the commitment were to a particular result, conflicting evidence might be overlooked or, with the best will in the world, simply not appreciated. Moreover, the practical applications of basic research frequently cannot be anticipated. When Roentgen, the physicist, discovered X-rays, he had no idea of their usefulness to medicine. Applied research, undertaken to solve specific practical problems, has an immediate attractiveness because the results can be seen and enjoyed. For practical reasons, the sums spent on applied research in any country always far exceed those for basic research, and the proportions are more unequal in the less developed countries. Leaving aside the funds devoted to research by industry—which is naturally far more concerned with applied aspects because these profits quickly—the funds the U.S. Government allots to basic research currently amount to about seven percent of its overall research and developments funds. Unless adequate safeguards are provided, applied research invariably tends to drive out basic. Then, so Dr. Waterman has pointed out, development will inevitably be undertaken prematurely(过早的), career incentives will gravitate strongly toward applied science, and the opportunities for making major scientific discoveries will be lost. Unfortunately, pressures to emphasize new developments, without corresponding emphasis upon pure science. Tend to degrade the quality of the nation’s technology in the long run, rather than to improve it. When Roentgen discovered X-rays he didn’t mean to use them in medical researches.
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