题目内容
Part A
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D . Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
As everyone knows, words constantly take on new meanings. Since these do not necessarily, nor even usually, take the place of the old ones, we should picture this process as the analogy of a tree throwing out new branches which themselves throw out subordinate branches. The new branches sometimes overshadow and kill the old one but by no means always. We shall again and again find the earliest senses of a word flourishing for centuries despite a vast overgrowth of later senses which might be expected to kill them.
When a word has several meanings historical circumstances often, make one of them dominant during a particular period. Thus "station" is now more likely to mean a railway station than anything else; "speculation" more likely to bear its financial sense than any other. Until this century "plane" had as its dominant meaning "a flat surface" or "a carpenter's tool to make a surface smooth", but the meaning "an aeroplane" is dominant now. The dominant sense of a word lies uppermost in our minds. Whenever we meet the word, our natural impulse is to give it that sense. We are often deceived. To an old author the word may mean something different.
One of my aims is to make the reading of old books easy as far as certain words are concerned. If we read an old poem with insufficient regard for the change of the dictionary meanings of words we won't be able to understand the poem the old author intended. And to avoid this, knowledge is necessary.
We see good words or good senses of words losing their edge or more rarely getting a new edge that serves some different purpose. "Verbicide", the murder of a word, happens in many ways. Inflation is the commonest: those who taught us to say "awfully" for "very", "tremendous" for "great", and "unthinkable" for "undesirable" were verbicides.
I should be glad if I sent any reader away with a sense of responsibility to the language. It is unnecessary to think we can do nothing about it. Our conversation will have little effect, but if we get into print -- perhaps especially if we are leader-writers or reporters -- we can help to strengthen or weaken some disastrous word, can encourage a good and resist a bad Americanism. For many things the press prints today will be taken up by a great mass of people in a few years.
In the first paragraph the author believes ______.
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听力原文： Not until some 200 years ago did the world population begin increasing at a rapid rate. In many parts of the world, people's health began to improve as a result of improved sanitation, the drainage of swamps, and, later, such developments in the field of medicine as the use of antibiotics. Increased trade brought better economic conditions in many countries. All these improvements made it possible for man to live longer. The standard of livings throughout the world began to rise as a result of advances in agriculture and in the processing of agricultural products. These included better farming methods, mechanization, fertilization, and refrigeration. Improved transportation helped to open new territories for settlement in the Western Hemisphere and in Australia. It also helped in distributing the great abundance of agricultural and industrial products that began to be available.
The combination of a high birth rate and a low death rate is creating a rapid population increase in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Experts fear that the population may soon grow faster than the food supply available in these continents, which are so dependent upon agriculture. Conditions of absolute over-population would result in many countries. In 1798 the English economist Thomas R. Malthus (1766-1834) said in his famous Essay on the Principle of Population that population increases at a faster rate than the food supply does. Therefore if such natural checks as war, starvation, and disease did not decrease the population, the world would outgrow its food supply. However, Malthus could not foresee that in many parts of the world, medical, scientific, and technological advances would wipe out these natural checks to population growth.
Solutions to the problem of overpopulation are not easy to find. In many cases a people's culture and way of life stand in the way of such matters as late marriages and birth control, which would help lower the birth rate. A change from an agricultural to an industrial economy would provide another answer. Many countries are planning such a change, but they lack the raw materials, capital, transportation facilities, technical skills, and markets for products. Migration from countries that are seriously overpopulated might help. In many cases, however, the countries to which migrants want to go have laws that prevent many of the migrants from entering.
Questions:
11. Which of the following factors for the improvement of people's health in many parts of the world is not mentioned in the talk？
12. What brings about better economic conditions in many countries？
13. What is the main reason for opening up new territories in the Western Hemisphere？
14. What is Malthus's population theory？
15. By whom are late marriages and birth control favored？
(31)
听力原文：M: Oh, hello, Li Ping. Come on in, and how've you been keeping recently？
W: Quite all right, thanks, Dr. Francis. How's your project going？
M: Very smoothly, I should say. I'm playing a consultancy role, really. I've only been here a month, but I'm already on very good terms with my colleagues in the Department of Computer Science. Well, I'm happy that you could come. Please sit down.
W: Dr. Francis, do you know I've got a chance to go to Cambridge in August？ I wonder if you could tell me something about Britain.
M: Certainly. Well, I was actually brought up in Scotland. Er, in fact, I've never been to Cambridge. But well.., yes, I'm sure I can give you some useful tips. Now, what do you want to know, Li Ping？
W: Things like weather. What's the usual temperature there？
M: Mmm, the temperature in Scotland is 22, or 23 degrees Centigrade, on average, I think. But Cambridge would be warmer, around 25, I would guess, because it's down south.
W: Oh, that's nice. Do you know it is 34 here？ Last year it reached 39. By the way, where do you think I should stay？
M: Oh, that's important. You can, er... I suppose, stay in the college-owned flats, which are often near where you have your classes, and some are even on the campus. That would certainly be convenient.
W: Yes, it would.
M: But it can also be a disadvantage because you are, in a sense, separated from ordinary society. You're a language teacher, and I think learning from society is a valuable experience.
W: Yes, yes, exactly, so what's the alternative？
M: Maybe finding an English host family. I know of a student Ali from the Middle East. He told me that he had learnt a lot by staying with a British family.
W: Thank you. I think it's quite a good suggestion. By the way, Dr. Francis, do you think I could... [fade out]
What is Dr. Francis？
目前，我国基金最普遍的收益分配形式是现金分红。 ()
特雷诺指数与詹森指数只对绩效的深度加以了考虑，而夏普指数则同时考虑了绩效的深度与广度。 ()
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