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Passage Three Banks with large international credits limit their concentrations of loans in any one country according to the perceived "country risk". Country risk generally refers to economic and political conditions existing in a country. In any case, a loan to the foreign nation’s government or its agencies is generally safer than a loan to a private-sector borrower. Even loans to governments may be unsafe, however, because of what is called "sovereign risk". When foreign governments experience economic or political pressures, there is a risk that they will divert resources to the correction of their domestic problems at the expense of servicing their debts to external lenders. In the 1980s, several less-developed nations requested the rescheduling of bank loans at considerable sacrifice in interest income to the banks involved. At the extreme, governments might simply repudiate their debts; that is, they might no longer recognize their obligations to external creditors. Country risk refers to political risk existing in a country.
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Passage Two Apart from borrowing from hanks, a firm or an individual can obtain funds in a financial market in two ways. The most common method is to issue a (61) , such as a bond or a mortgage, which is a (62) by the borrower to pay the holder of it at (63) until a specified date, when a final payment is made. The (64) of it is the time of expiration date. The second method of raising funds is by issuing (65) , such as common stock, which are claims to share in the net income and the assets of a business.
Passage 3 There are two main types of stocks: common stock and preferred stock. Common stock is, well, common. When people talk about stocks in general they are most likely referring to this type. In fact, the majority of stock issued is in this form. Common shares represent ownership in a company and a claim (dividends) on a portion of profits. Investors get one vote per share to elect the board members, who oversee the major decisions made by management. Over the long term, common stock, by means of capital growth, yields higher returns than almost every other investment. This higher return comes at a cost since common stocks entail the most risk. If a company goes bankrupt and liquidates, the common shareholders will not receive money until the creditors, bondholders, and preferred shareholders are paid. Preferred stock represents some degree of ownership in a company but usually doesn’t come with the same voting fights. (This may vary depending on the company. ) With preferred shares investors are usually guaranteed a fixed dividend forever. This is different from common stock, which has variable dividends that are never guaranteed. Another advantage is that in the event of liquidation preferred shareholders are paid off before the common shareholder (but still after debt holders). Preferred stock may also be callable, meaning that the company has the option to purchase the shares from shareholders at anytime for any reason (usually for a premium). Some people consider preferred stock to be more like debt than equity. A good way to think of these kinds of shares is to see them as being in between bonds and common shares. Common and preferred are the two main forms of stock ; however, it’s also possible for companies to customize different classes of stock in any way they want. The most common reason for this is the company wanting the voting power to remain with a certain group; hence, different classes of shares are given different voting rights. For example, one class of shares would be held by a select group who are given ten votes per share while a second class would be issued to the majority of investors who are given one vote per share. When there is more than one class of stock, the classes are traditionally designated as Class A and Class B. Berkshire Hathaway (ticker: BRK), the company of Warren Buffett (one of the greatest investors of all time), has two classes of stock. The different forms are represented by placing the letter behind the ticker symbol in a form like this: "BRKa, BRKb" or "BRK. A, BRK. B". According to the passage, preferred stockholders are guaranteed ______.
Passage Two There are five parties concerned with a collection, the customer, the remitting bank, the presenting bank and the drawee. The customer is the principal who entrusts the operation of collecting to his bank, which is the remitting bank. The collecting bank is any bank, other than the remitting bank, involved in processing the collection order, and the presenting bank is the collecting bank making presentation to the drawee--more than one collecting bank may be involved in collecting a bill and it is the bank that actually presents the bill to the drawee for acceptance/payment that is the presenting bank. The drawee is the person specified as the one to whom the financial document and/or commercial documents is to be presented. A collecting bank must be sent a collection order with the documents concerned, and this must give complete and concise instructions. It will in fact incorporate, all the instructions contained in the application form. Banks are only permitted to act upon instructions given in such an order and must advise the remitting bank immediate if they can not comply with the instructions contained in the order. As for a collection, the presenting bank makes presentation to the drawer for acceptance/payment.
Passage 3 There are two main types of stocks: common stock and preferred stock. Common stock is, well, common. When people talk about stocks in general they are most likely referring to this type. In fact, the majority of stock issued is in this form. Common shares represent ownership in a company and a claim (dividends) on a portion of profits. Investors get one vote per share to elect the board members, who oversee the major decisions made by management. Over the long term, common stock, by means of capital growth, yields higher returns than almost every other investment. This higher return comes at a cost since common stocks entail the most risk. If a company goes bankrupt and liquidates, the common shareholders will not receive money until the creditors, bondholders, and preferred shareholders are paid. Preferred stock represents some degree of ownership in a company but usually doesn’t come with the same voting fights. (This may vary depending on the company. ) With preferred shares investors are usually guaranteed a fixed dividend forever. This is different from common stock, which has variable dividends that are never guaranteed. Another advantage is that in the event of liquidation preferred shareholders are paid off before the common shareholder (but still after debt holders). Preferred stock may also be callable, meaning that the company has the option to purchase the shares from shareholders at anytime for any reason (usually for a premium). Some people consider preferred stock to be more like debt than equity. A good way to think of these kinds of shares is to see them as being in between bonds and common shares. Common and preferred are the two main forms of stock ; however, it’s also possible for companies to customize different classes of stock in any way they want. The most common reason for this is the company wanting the voting power to remain with a certain group; hence, different classes of shares are given different voting rights. For example, one class of shares would be held by a select group who are given ten votes per share while a second class would be issued to the majority of investors who are given one vote per share. When there is more than one class of stock, the classes are traditionally designated as Class A and Class B. Berkshire Hathaway (ticker: BRK), the company of Warren Buffett (one of the greatest investors of all time), has two classes of stock. The different forms are represented by placing the letter behind the ticker symbol in a form like this: "BRKa, BRKb" or "BRK. A, BRK. B". Common stock gets higher return than any other investment because of ______.
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