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The work for which Thomas Malthus is still most widely known is his Essay on the Principle of Population, which first appeared in 1798. This book introduced Malthus’s __67__ that population inescapably outgrows subsistence (生活资料), and that this difference __68__ population size and the ability to adequately meet the __69__ subsistence needs of all the members of that population " naturally" produces a fundamental struggle for __70__ in which some flourish at the __71__ of others. Charles Darwin’s most important contribution __72__ the field of biology, described in his work. On the Origin of Species, was to __73__ Malthus’s observation that plants and animals multiply faster than nature can provide for them to his own __74__ of the process of "evolution" - the notion that different forms of life develop __75__ from a common ancestry (祖先). Combining these elements, Darwin __76__ that the factors of "the struggle for existence" and "the survival of the fittest" are the central mechanisms __77__ which evolution is based. In this sense, then. Darwin introduced the possibility __78__ conflict and struggle are biological phenomena, which are __79__ central to human social existence. A number of more contemporary social thinkers were __80__ by Darwin and continued this particular version of the conflict perspective, commonly referred to __81__ social Darwinism, into the twentieth century-Thus, for example, Herbert Spencer, a __82__ English social theorist, applied these ideas of the natural __83__ of conflict and survival of the fittest to his . notion of social evolution, __84__ William Graham Summer, an American sociologist, saw the __85__ for survival among individual actors as operating to bring about fundamental __86__ in the quality of human social life overall. 76（）
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Passage One Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage. Libraries are my world. I’ve been a patron (老主顾) all my life, and for the past nine years I’ve worked at multiple libraries and archives in and around Detroit. The library as an institution has many roles, but as our country struggles through an economic crisis, I have watched the library where I work evolve into a career and business center, a community gathering place and a bastion (堡垒) of hope. In the spring of 2007 1 got a library internship (实习生的位置) at the Southfield Public Library (SPL), just north of Detroit. Summers at SPL were usually slow, but that year, we experienced a library that was as busy as science-fair project week, midterms or tax season. Yet patrons weren’t looking for Mosby’s Nursing Drug Reference or tax return forms. They were coming for information on growing their small business. I interpreted people’s interest in our business collection as the first step to pursuing their dreams, but these patrons were not motivated by dreams. They were responding to reality, and they were looking for Plan B. Things worsened in 2008, and in 2009 the economic crisis continues to plague Michigan. Last year, we put up a display with a variety of job resources that we restocked every hour. Each night the library closed, the display was bare. While we normally keep displays up for a week, we kept the job resources display up for months. Then there’s the tightening credit market. People see the writing on the wall and they want to get educated. They can’t afford a financial adviser, but checking books out is free. Some of the most popular titles now are Rich Dad, Poor Dad. Think and Grow Rich, and Suze Orman’s 2009 Action Plan. The economic downturn affects us all. I have had to work long hours and don’t get to see much of my boyfriend or experience any kind of social life lately, but I am thankful to be in a position where I can help people overcome this struggle. In Michigan, we haven’t lost hope. As long as there are libraries here, there will always be hope. What can be inferred from people’s strong interest in the library’s business collection（）
Passage Two Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage. More than three dozen billionaires, including well-known philanthropist (慈善家) David Rockefeller, have promised at least half of their fortunes to charity, joining a programme that Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett started in June to encourage other wealthy people to give. The pledge is currently worth about $ 150 billion, but the programme predicts it will eventually be worth $ 600 billion. "During even the Depression’s worst years, my parents gave money - about 8% of their annual income of $ 2200," said Lorry Lokey, one of the donors, on the website of the programme, the Giving Pledge, "I remember saying to my mother that we can’t afford that. But she said we have to share with others." The pledge has been a matter of some debate in philanthropic and non-profit circles, with some experts dismissing it as mere publicity and others predicting that it would produce a flood of new money to support non-profit groups. Buffett said the real value of the pledge was found in the example it set and in the sentiments (情感) expressed in the letters posted on the website. Buffett and Gates will hold several dinners later this year to recruit more billionaires, and members of the Giving Pledge will meet annually to discuss their philanthropy. The pair are due to meet some wealthiest people in China next month and India in March. "We hope this catches fire in some other countries," Buffett said, "If they want to take what we think is a good idea and run with it, we will be cheering." Buffett said the number of people who had agreed to sign on was at the high end of his expectations. He said some people who declined to sign the pledge were planning to give away most of their wealth but did not want to draw attention to those plans. Energy tycoon (大亨) Pickens, who is worth about $ 1 billion, said in his Giving Pledge letter: "I’ve long stated that I enjoy making money, and I enjoy giving it away. I’m not a big fan of inherited wealth. It generally does more harm than good." What does energy tycoon Pickens try to say in his Giving Pledge letter（）
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Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage. It’s the first question parents ask when their child is diagnosed with autism (自闭症). Will his future brothers or sisters have a higher risk of __47__ it, too According to the largest study of siblings (兄弟姐妹) in families with autism, the answer is yes. Among 664 children who had at least one older sibling with the developmental disorder, the __48__ risk of autism was nearly 19%, __49__ higher than previous sibling-recurrence estimates that were anywhere from 3% to 10%. Kids with more than one older autistic sibling had an even higher risk of the disorder: 32%. The __50__ suggest that genes play a key role in autism risk. But they also hint that other environmental factors __51__ by siblings, like influences in the womb (子宫), may be important as well. On the __52__ of the findings, the researchers recommend that doctors closely __53__ younger siblings of autistic children to pick up any early signs of the disorder, __54__ an unusually large head or delayed language development and communication skills. Evidence suggests that early __55__ and diagnosis of autism can help children take advantage of therapies that can treat some of its __56__. 55（）
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