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临床试验通常被用来对医药创新进行系统测试,把临床试验延伸到新外科手术方法中的建议是不应该被执行的。问题在于外科手术方法在一个很重要的方面与医药不同,对症下药的疗效仅依赖于药物的成分,而外科手术方法,甚至是最适宜的外科手术方法的疗效很明显地与使用这样方法的外科医生的技术相联系。 上述论证的推理是有缺陷的,因为:

A. 没有考虑到新的外科手术方法可能被发现比以前最好的治疗方法更有效。
B. 忽视了这种可能性,即被质疑的建议虽然粗糙,但其目的是为了抛砖引玉。
C. 假设一个外科医生的技术在他的整个职业生涯中都是保持不变的。
D. 对某一个存在的缺点,在没有引用任何科学证据的情况下,对它进行了描述。
E. 在不承认某一建议具有较高的可信度的前提下,武断地否认了可以提出具有较高可信度的建议。

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下面有3篇短文,每篇短文后有5道题,每道题后面有4个选项。请仔细阅读短文并根据短文内容回答其后面的问题,从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案。第一篇 Early or Later Day Care The British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive "attachment" period from birth to three may scar a child’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life. Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion. Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as the Ngoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone--far from it. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children had problems with it. Statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carded out, and even if they were, the results would be certain to be complicated and controversial. Thirdly, in the last decade there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that day care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children’s development. But tests that have had to be used to measure this development are not widely enough accepted to settle the issue. But Bowlby’s analysis raises the possibility that early day care has delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only be explored by the use of statistics. Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy, and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experience and available evidence indicate that early care is reasonable for infants. Which of the following best expresses the writer’s attitude towards early day care

A. Children fewer than three should stay with heir parents.
B. Early day care has positive effects on children’s development.
C. The effects of early day care on children are exaggerated and parents should ignore the issue.
D. The issue is controversial and its settlement calls for the use of statistics.

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A. are caused
B. caused
C. are to cause
D. have been causing

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