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Researchers have studied the poor as individuals, as families and households, as members of poor communities, neighborhoods and regions, as products of larger poverty-creating structures. They have been analyzed as victims of crime and criminals, as members of minority cultures, as passive consumers of mass culture and active producers of a "counterculture", as an economic burden and as a reserve army of labor - to mention just some of the preoccupations of poverty research.The elites, who occupy the small upper stratum within the category of the non-poor, and their functions in the emergence and reproduction of poverty are as interesting and important an object for poverty research as the poor themselves. The elites have images of the poor and of poverty which shape their decisions and actions. So far, little is known about those images, except as they are sketchily portrayed in popular stereotypes. The elites may well ignore or deny the external effects of their own actions (and omissions) upon the living conditions of the poor. Many social scientists may take a very different view. As poverty emerged and was reproduced, legal frameworks were created to contain the problems it caused with profound, and largely unknown, consequences for the poor themselves. In general, political, educational and social institutions tend to ignore or even damage the interests of the poor. In constructing a physical in frastructure for transport, industry, trade and tourism, the settlements of the poor are often the first to suffer or to be left standing and exposed to pollution, noise and crowding.Most important are the economic functions of poverty, as for lack of other options the Ix)or are forced to perform activities considered degrading or unclean. The poor are more likely to buy secondhand goods and leftover foodstuffs, thus prolonging their economic utility. They are likely to use the services of low-quality doctors, teachers and lawyers whom the non-poor shy away from. Poverty and the poor serve an important symbolic function, in reminding citizens of the lot that may befall those who do not heed the values of thrift, diligence and cleanliness, and of the constant threat that the rough, the immoral and the violent represent for the rest of society.Physically, the poor and the non-poor are kept apart, through differential land use and ghettoization. Socially, they are separated through differential participation in the labor market, the consumption economy, and in political, social and cultural institutions. Conceptually, they are divided through stereotyping and media cliche. This separation is even more pronounced between the elites and the poor. According to the author, studying the elites also sheds light on poverty research because （）
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Dinosaurs were reptiles which became extinct about 65 million years ago. The most intriguing question about dinosaurs has always been " (21) did they die out" There is no simple answer to this question, (22) many hundreds of scientists are studying the problem. They are not studying the extinction of the dinosaurs (23) , but the whole question of extinction. Many other plants and animals have (24) in the past, and it is important to understand (25) this happened. Having this information could help save many species that are (26) in the modern world. Humans are causing extinctions now, because of pollution and other damage (27) the environment. Maybe the dinosaurs can tell us how to save the earth today, (28) their extinction 65 million years ago! Some of the early dinosaur scientists, 100 years ago, thought the dinosaurs died out because the (29) changed, and they could not breathe. Others thought that the dinosaurs disappeared simply because they became too big.They were (30) to move and could not find enough food (31) One theory is that a huge killer meteorite (32) the earth. Some scientists (33) that the extinction of dinosaurs was possibly due to rapid (34) of the planet’s climate. Perhaps huge amounts of lava pours out of volcanoes in India. This sent up vast (35) of dust that blacked out the sun, and made the earth icy cold. 22（）
Dave Walsh, web editor on board the Rainbow Warrior again this year, gave the following account of the 2004 expedition that followed the activities of seven ships as they trawled seamounts for target species of orange roughly. "We watched them raising tons of fish, corals—and even rocks from the ocean floor! Dozens of species of ’unwanted’ deep sea life, snapped from habitat 1000kin below us, were turfed over the side of the bottom trawlers, internal organs blown apart from the violent change in pressure. Hundreds of albatross—a bird usually considered a loner, drifting at the mercy of the winds—squabbled over the dead or dying fish. " Among the huge amounts of bottom dwelling marine life including fish, sea stars, squid, sea urchins and ghost sharks that were hauled up and discarded, was a delicate branch of endangered black coral, a species listed on the UN Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) for over 20 years. Black coral is also protected in adjacent New Zealand waters. Corals are the foundation of unique deep-sea communities and their destruction affects everything else living in or near them on the sea floor. Speaking at a press conference on board the Rainbow Warrior in Auckland harbour to launch the current expedition, oceans campaigner Carmen Gravatt said "Bottom trawling is the most destructive fishing practice in the world. The deep sea is the largest pool of undiscovered life on Earth. Bottom trawling these unknown worlds is like blowing up Mars before we get there. " Recently, in collaboration with the Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), we also concluded the exploration of a little-known coral reef complex off the west of Scotland. Using remotely operated vehicles (small, unmanned submarines), scientists studied and documented the reef, its cold water corals and the numerous species it is thought to host. Previous surveys of the reef conducted by SAMS found that parts of the coral formation are 3,800 years old and the base may be over 10,000 years old. Next week, our political advisor Karen Sack will speak at a UN meeting on Oceans. Will the Rainbow Warrior once again unearth crucial evidence so the UN can see with their own eyes that a moratorium is needed "Each day bottom trawling continues, more deep sea life gets wiped out and the situation becomes more critical," said Gravatt. "A moratorium on bottom trawling in international waters is urgently needed to protect life in the deep sea.\ What does the "’unwanted’ deep sea life" mean in Paragraph 2 according to the passage
So engrossed was the detective in considering the evidence that he completely forgot where he was（）
Some politicians are scurrying about with much zest and anticipation. It’s time, their polls inform them, to find the quick fix for what they have determined is a society plagued by the irregular heartbeat of deficient values.But there are contradictions that intrude on this denunciatory atmosphere. If there are moral omissions in the society, they cannot be sealed by instant, slenderly based attacks on entertainment. The plain fain fact is we are rearranging our priorities in the wrong way.We are today misplacing our energies and our funding by directing all sorts of incentives to high schools and colleges. Too late. The moral scaffolding has been built by then,for better or worse. How then to begin this revision of life conduct We must introduce inpre-school, and keep alive through grade five, a new school course.The course could be titled, "What is right, and what is plainly wrong". For 30 minutes each day, the teacher would illuminate for these very young children what William Faulkner labeled "the old verities", the words that construct and implement the daily moral grind in every durable society must engage if it is to be judged a "just" society.These are words like duty, honor, service, integrity, pity, pride, compassion and sacrifice, plus the clear admonition that violence is wrong. To the teaching of the meaning of those words must be added that cleansing rule of treating other people as you would want them to treat you. And most of all to make sure that these kids understand with growing clarity that home, school and church are the sanctuaries for their later life.There is a grand simplicity to this kind of school course. It enters a child’s mind early,burrowing deep into those recesses of the human brain that even today advanced medical science has not been able to penetrate.If you ask enough people, you will find that most of us remember our first-or second-grade teacher. I remember Miss Corbett and Miss Walker, who read to us before we really understood, but the words had weight and allure. We listened and, without really knowing it, we learned and saved what we learned. Perhaps it was because what we heard in those early school years was the first entry into our learning vessel.Absent from this kind of early instruction, absent from the building of this moral shield, no congressional law, no presidential executive order, no fiery rhetoric will salvage a child’s conduct nor locate a missing moral core. According to the author, some politicians attribute the society’s deteriorated moral values to（）
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