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As long as her parents can remember, 13-year-old Katie Hart has been talking about going to college. Her mother, Tally, a financial-aid officer at an Ohio university, knows all too well the daunting calculus of paying for a college education. Last year the average yearly tuition at a private, four-year school climbed 5.5 percent to more than $17,000. The Harts have started saving, and figure they can afford a public university without a problem. But what if Katie applies to Princeton (she’s threatening), where one year’s tuition, room and board — almost $34,000 in 2002 — will cost more than some luxury cars Even a number cruncher like Tally admits it’s a little scary, especially since she’ll retire and Katie will go to college at around the same time. Paying for college has always been a humbling endeavor. The good news: last year students collected $74 billion in financial aid, the most ever. Most families pay less than full freight. Sixty percent of public-university students and three quarters of those at private colleges receive some form of financial aid — mostly, these days, in the form of loans. But those numbers are not as encouraging as they appear for lower-income families, because schools are changing their formulas for distributing aid. Eager to boost their magazine rankings, which are based in part on the test scores of entering freshmen, they’re throwing more aid at smarter kids— whether they need it or not. The best way to prepare is to start saving early. A new law passed last year makes that easier for some families. So-called 529 plans allow parents to sock away funds in federal-tax-free-investment accounts, as long as the money is used for "qualified education expenses" like tuition, room and board. The plans aren’t for everyone. For tax reasons, some lower-and middle-income families may be better off choosing other investments. But saving is vital. Aid packages usually come in some combination of grants, loans and jobs. These days 60 percent of all aid comes in the form of low-interest loans. All students ate eligible for "unsubsidized" federal Stafford loans, which let them defer interest payments until after graduation. Students who can demonstrate need can also qualify for federal Perkins loam or "subsidized" Staffords, where the government pays the interest during school. Traditional scholarships, academic or athletic, are still a part of many families’ planning. Mack Reiter, a 17-year-old national wrestling champion, gets so many recruiting letters he throws most away. He’ll almost certainly get a free ride. Without it, "we would really be in a bind," says his mother, Janet. For everyone else, it’s worth the effort to pick through local and national scholarship offerings, which can be found on Web sites like collegeboard. com. What does the author mean by "better off" in Paragraph 3
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Sleep is a funny thing. We’re taught that we should get seven or eight hours a night, but a lot of us get by just fine on less, and some of us actually sleep too much. A study out of the University of Buffalo last month reported that people who routinely sleep more than eight hours a day and are still tired are nearly three times as likely to die of stroke — probably as a result of an underlying disorder that keeps them from snoozing (睡) soundly. Doctors have their own special sleep problems. Residents (住院医生) are famously sleep deprived. When I was training to become a neurosurgeon, it was not unusual to work 40 hours in a row without rest. Most of us took k in stride, confident we could still deliver the highest quality of medical care. Maybe we shouldn’t have been so sum of ourselves. An article in the Journal of the American Medical Association points out that in the morning after 24 hours of sleeplessness, a person’s motor performance is comparable to that of someone who is legally intoxicated. Curiously, surgeons who believe that operating under the influence is grounds for dismissal often don’t think twice about operating without enough deep. "I could tell you horror stories," says Jaya Agrawal, president of the American Medical Student Association, which runs a website where residents can post anonymous anecdotes. Some are terrifying. "I was operating after being up for over 36 hours," one writes. "I literally fell asleep standing up and nearly face planted into the wound." "Practically every surgical resident I know has fallen asleep at the wheel driving home from work," writes another. "I know of three who have hit parked cats. Another hit a ’Jersey barrier’ on the New Jersey Turnpike, going 65 m. p. h." "Your own patients have become the enemy," writes a third, bemuse they are "the one thing that stands between you and a few hours of sleep." Agrawal’s organization is supporting the Patient and Physician Safety and Protection Act of 2001, introduced last November by Representative John Conyers Jr. of Michigan. Its key provisions, modeled on New York State’s regulations, include an 80-hour workweek and a 24-hour work-shift limit. Most doctors, however, resist such interference. Dr. Charles Binkley, a senior surgery resident at the University of Michigan, agrees that something needs to be done but believes "doctors should be hound by their conscience, not by the government." The U.S. controls the hours of pilots and truck drivers. But until such a system is in place for doctors, patients are on their own. If you’re worried about the people treating you or a loved one, you should feel free to ask how many hours of sleep they have had and if more-rested staffers are available. Doctors, for their part, have to give up their pose of infallibility (不出错) and get the rest they need. What does the author imply speaking of the sleep problems that doctors face
Passage TwoQuestions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.
商业银行应该积极承担有利的风险，在合理的风险范围内创造更高的收益。( )
Nearly all surgical stunts stick themselves with needles and (62) instruments while in training. But (63) fail to report the injuries, (64) their health and that of their families and patients to the threat of (65) disease, according to a survey by Dr. Makary and colleagues being published today. Their being (66) was the chief reason the surgical residents (67) for the injuries, which were mostly (68) . The survey revealed that young surgeons didn’t report the potentially fatal injuries for a range of reasons. (69) a time surgeons feel that doing so would take too much time, could (70) career opportunities and might cause a loss of face among (71) . In addition, there was a (72) belief that getting even timely medical attention would not prevent infection. "It’s been long (73) , but no one truly appreciated the (74) of the problem," said Martin Makary. "Every surgeon is (75) to be on anti-HIV medications and is at risk for contracting HIV and hepatitis at far higher rates than we suspected." "Part of the surgical culture has been maintaining the patient first at all cost, and when an accident occurs in the operating room, the surgeon’s (76) inclination is to continue with the operation," he said. "But the extent of the problem is much greater than we thought. Previous estimates of injuries understate the seriousness of the problem, (77) mast of the injuries are not being recorded." "More hospitals need to do a better job in protection", Makary said. "They need more appropriate and more timely surgical systems (78) surgeons can get medical treatment immediately, not after a long (79) process that takes them away from the patient." The findings (80) the need for "immediate steps to improve safety and care for health care workers to reduce the spread of HIV and hepatitis infection," he said. The hospitals could (81) so-called "sharpies" technologies where possible, including electric scalpels, clips and glues.
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