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Text 3 Children in the United States are exposed to many influences other than that of their families. Television is the most significant of these influences, because the habit of watching television usually begins before children start attending school. And, by the time that the average child finishes high school, he or she will have spent 18,000 hours in front of a television set as opposed to 12,000 hours in a classroom. Parents are concerned about these figures. They are also concerned about the lack of quality in television programs for children. The degree of violence in many of these shows also worries them. Even if it is unreal--a cartoon cat beating up a cartoon mouse with a baseball bat--this violence may have a negative effect on the young minds exposed to it. Studies indicate that, when children are exposed to violence, they may become aggressive or insecure. Parents are also concerned about the commercials that their children see on television. Many parents would like to see fewer commercials during programs for children. And some parents feel that these shows should not have any commercials at all because young minds are not mature enough to deal with the claims made by advertisers. Educational television has no commercials and has programs for children that many parents approve of. The most famous of these is "Sesame Street", which tries to give preschool children a head start in learning the alphabet and numbers. It also tries to teach children useful things about the world in which they live. Even though most parents and educators give "Sesame Street" and shows like it high marks for quality, some critics argue that all television, whether educational or not, is harmful to children. These critics feel that the habit of watching hours of television every day turns children into bored and passive consumers of their world rather than encouraging them to become active explorers of it. We still do not know enough about the effects of watching television to be able to say whether or not it is good for children. Until we do, perhaps it would be wise to put a warning on television sets such as the one on cigarette packages: "Caution: Watching Too Much Television May Be Harmful to Your Child’s Developing Mind." Which of the following is the author’s opinion
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Text 3 Children in the United States are exposed to many influences other than that of their families. Television is the most significant of these influences, because the habit of watching television usually begins before children start attending school. And, by the time that the average child finishes high school, he or she will have spent 18,000 hours in front of a television set as opposed to 12,000 hours in a classroom. Parents are concerned about these figures. They are also concerned about the lack of quality in television programs for children. The degree of violence in many of these shows also worries them. Even if it is unreal--a cartoon cat beating up a cartoon mouse with a baseball bat--this violence may have a negative effect on the young minds exposed to it. Studies indicate that, when children are exposed to violence, they may become aggressive or insecure. Parents are also concerned about the commercials that their children see on television. Many parents would like to see fewer commercials during programs for children. And some parents feel that these shows should not have any commercials at all because young minds are not mature enough to deal with the claims made by advertisers. Educational television has no commercials and has programs for children that many parents approve of. The most famous of these is "Sesame Street", which tries to give preschool children a head start in learning the alphabet and numbers. It also tries to teach children useful things about the world in which they live. Even though most parents and educators give "Sesame Street" and shows like it high marks for quality, some critics argue that all television, whether educational or not, is harmful to children. These critics feel that the habit of watching hours of television every day turns children into bored and passive consumers of their world rather than encouraging them to become active explorers of it. We still do not know enough about the effects of watching television to be able to say whether or not it is good for children. Until we do, perhaps it would be wise to put a warning on television sets such as the one on cigarette packages: "Caution: Watching Too Much Television May Be Harmful to Your Child’s Developing Mind." Some critics argue that children should not watch TV because ______.
The Business of SharingWhat do you do when you are green, broke and connected You shareA WHY buy when you can rent This simple question is the foundation stone of a growing number of businesses. Why buy a car (and pay for parking) when you can rent one whenever you need to load up at IKEA Why buy a bike (and risk having it stolen) when you can pick one up at a bike rack near your home and drop it off at another rack near your office Why buy a DVD when you can watch it and return it in a convenient envelopeB Renting is not a new business, of course. Hotel chains and car-hire firms have been around for ages, and the world’s oldest profession, one might argue, involves renting. But for most of the past 50 years renters have been conceding ground to owners. Laundromats have been closing down as people buy their own washing machines. Home ownership was, until the financial crisis, rising nearly everywhere. Rental markets grew ossified: hotels and car-hire firms barely changed their business models for decades. All this is now changing dramatically, however, thanks to technology, austerity and greenery.C The internet makes it easy to compare prices, which makes rental cars and hotel rooms cheaper. It also allows new ways of renting and sharing to thrive. For example, car-sharing is booming even as car sales languish. Zipcar, an American firm, has 400,000 members who pay an annual fee and can then rent cars by the hour. They log on to find out where the nearest Zipcar is parked, and return it to one of many scattered parking bays rather than a central location. Netflix, a film-rental firm, made $116m last year by making it easy to hire movies by mail. Governments are joining in: London is one of several cities that rent bikes to citizens who take the trouble to fill out a few forms.D Trendy folk are applauding. "Sharing is clean, crisp, urbane, postmodern," says Mark Levine of the New York Times. "Owning is dull, selfish, timid, backward." ("Crisp" Never mind. ) The sharing craze has spawned two new books: "What’s Mine is Yours: The Rise of Collaborative Consumption", by Rachel Botsman and Roo Rogers, and "The Mesh: Why the Future of Business is Sharing", by Lisa Gansky. The first book is much the better of the two. But the second, written by an internet entrepreneur, contains some valuable practical advice.E People are renting things they never used to rent, such as clothes and toys. Bag Borrow or Steal, for example, applies the Netflix principle to posh handbags. The firm boasts that it allows women to avoid "the emotional and financial sacrifices" of "the endless search for the ’right’ accessory." Rent-That-Toy does the same for trikes for tikes. TechShop, in Menlo Park, California, rents tinkering space and equipment to amateur inventors.F Other pioneers of "collaborative consumption" have dispensed with inventories and act purely as brokers. Some help people sell their spare capacity in everything from parking spaces to energy. CouchSurfing connects people who have a spare sofa with travelers who wish to sleep on it, on the tacit understanding that the travelers will do the same for someone else in the network some day. There are 2.3m registered couch surfers in 79,000 cities worldwide. Other groups have created barter economies, thredUP specialises in exchanging children’s clothes, but also has exchanges for everything from make-up to video games. Freecycle helps people give things away so that they do not end up in landfills, its website has 7.6m members.G The moguls who run Zipcar may have different motives from the greens who run Freecycle, but they share the same faith: that access often matters more than ownership, and that technology will make sharing more and more efficient. The internet has always been good at connecting buyers and sellers; GPS devices and social networks are enhancing its power. GPS devices can connect you to people around the corner who want to share rides. Social networks are helping to lower one of the biggest barriers to "collaborative consumption"—trust. Couch surfers, for example, can see at a keystroke what others in the network think of the stranger who wants to borrow their couch. If he is dirty or creepy, they need not let him in.H People are growing impatient with "idle capacity" (ie, waste). The average American spends 18% of his income on running a car that is usually stationary. Half of American homes own an electric drill, but most people use it once and then forget it. If you are green or broke, as many people are these days, this seems wasteful. Besides, "consumer philandering" sounds fun. "Today’s a BMW day," purrs Zipcar, "Or is it a Volvo day"I Attitudes to conspicuous consumption are changing. Thorstein Veblen, who coined the term, argued that people like to display their status by owning lots of stuff. But many of today’s conspicuous consumers—particularly the young—achieve the same effect by virtual means. They boast about what they are doing (on Twitter), what they are reading (Shelfari), what they are interested in (Digg) and whom they know (Facebook). Collaborative consumption is an ideal signaling device for an economy based on electronic brands and ever-changing fashions.J There are obvious limitations to this new model. Few people, besides tramps and journalists, will want to wear recycled underpants. Returning Zipcars on time can be a hassle. But the sharing stampede is nevertheless gathering pace. Zipcar has imitators in more than a thousand cities. Every week sees the birth of a business describing itself as the Netflix of this or that. Collective consumption is also disrupting established business models based on built-in obsolescence. The internet may be synonymous with novelty, but by encouraging people to reuse the same objects rather than buy new ones, it may revive the old virtue of building products that last.Questions 22-27Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage 2In boxes 22-27 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this Collective consumption is a contributor to shifting people’s focus from buying new things to reusing the same objects.（）
Text 2 When we think about happiness, we usually think of something extraordinary, a peak of great delight--and those peaks seem to get rarer the older we get. For a child, happiness has a magical quality. I remember making hide outs in newly cut hay, playing cops and robbers in the woods, getting a speaking part in the school play. Of course, kids also experience lows, but their delight at such peaks of pleasure as winning a race or getting a new bike is unreserved. For teenagers, or people under twenty, the concept of happiness changes. Suddenly it’s conditional on such things as excitement, love, and popularity. I can still feel the agony of not being invited to a party that almost everyone else was going to. But I also recall the great happiness of being invited at another event to dance with a very handsome young man. In adulthood the things that bring great joy--birth, love, marriage--also bring responsibility and the risk of loss. Love may not last, sex isn’t always good, and loved ones die. For adults, happiness is complicated. My dictionary explains happy as "lucky" or "fortunate", but I think a better explanation of happiness is "the capacity for enjoyment". The more we can enjoy what we have, the happier we are. It’s easy to overlook the pleasure we get from loving and being loved, the company of friends, the freedom to love where we please, even good health. Nowadays, with so many choices and such pressure to succeed in every area, we have turned happiness into one mode thing we "gotta have". We’re so self-conscious about our "right" to it that it’s making us extremely unhappy. So we chase it and consider it to be the same as wealth and success, without noticing that the people who have those things aren’t necessarily happier. While happiness may be more complex for us, the solution is the same as ever. Happiness isn’t about what happens to us--it’s about how we perceive what happens to us. It’s the ability to find positive for every negative, and view a setback as a challenge. It’s not wishing for what we don’t have, but enjoying what we do possess. The passage aims to tell ______.
Text 3 Children in the United States are exposed to many influences other than that of their families. Television is the most significant of these influences, because the habit of watching television usually begins before children start attending school. And, by the time that the average child finishes high school, he or she will have spent 18,000 hours in front of a television set as opposed to 12,000 hours in a classroom. Parents are concerned about these figures. They are also concerned about the lack of quality in television programs for children. The degree of violence in many of these shows also worries them. Even if it is unreal--a cartoon cat beating up a cartoon mouse with a baseball bat--this violence may have a negative effect on the young minds exposed to it. Studies indicate that, when children are exposed to violence, they may become aggressive or insecure. Parents are also concerned about the commercials that their children see on television. Many parents would like to see fewer commercials during programs for children. And some parents feel that these shows should not have any commercials at all because young minds are not mature enough to deal with the claims made by advertisers. Educational television has no commercials and has programs for children that many parents approve of. The most famous of these is "Sesame Street", which tries to give preschool children a head start in learning the alphabet and numbers. It also tries to teach children useful things about the world in which they live. Even though most parents and educators give "Sesame Street" and shows like it high marks for quality, some critics argue that all television, whether educational or not, is harmful to children. These critics feel that the habit of watching hours of television every day turns children into bored and passive consumers of their world rather than encouraging them to become active explorers of it. We still do not know enough about the effects of watching television to be able to say whether or not it is good for children. Until we do, perhaps it would be wise to put a warning on television sets such as the one on cigarette packages: "Caution: Watching Too Much Television May Be Harmful to Your Child’s Developing Mind." We can infer from the text that ______.
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