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下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断；如果该句提的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。 Tokyo is World’s Priciest City The weak American dollar and strong European and Asian currencies helped make Tokyo and London the most expensive cities in the world, according to a recent survey. American cities were absent from the top 10, with the most expensive U. S. city, New York, dropping two spots from last year to 12 in the survey of 144 urban areas conducted by Mercer Human Resource Consulting. Moscow ranked in third place, with Osaka, and Hong Kong rounding out the top five most expensive cities. The survey, drawn up twice a year, ranks cost of living for foreign workers, not local residents, and is used primarily by multinational companies to determine pay for expatriate employees. "The euro appreciated (升值) more than 11 percent in the last six months. " said Marie-Laurence Sepede, senior researcher at Mercer. "So that made European cities go up and U.S. cities drop. " Sepede noted that while U.S. cities got cheaper in relation to those in Europe and Asia, the rankings among: American cities remained similar to previous years, with Los Angeles, Chicago and San Francisco all placing high on the list. Also not able was the climb of Australian and New Zealand cities up the list, a shift caused by those nation’s strong currencies. Sydney moved from 67 last year to 20 this year, and Auckland, New Zealand climbed 35 places to 80. The rest of the top 20 remained fairly constant, although Paris, Vienna, Austria and Istanbul, Turkey made their first appearances so high in the rankings. The survey took into consideration 250 criteria, including the cost of utilities, food and entertainment. While the survey looked at a range of living standards, Sepede said the study was most representative of the expenses of people working for big international corporations and maintaining fairly high standards of living. Mercer said the continued appreciation of the euro against the U. S. dollar could eventually force companies to move employees and reorganize. "Mainly, the depreciation(贬值) of the dollar makes it cheaper to send employees to American cities," said Jackie Barber, a spokeswoman for the survey. According to a recent survey, two of the top five most expensive cities are from Asia.
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第二篇 Oceanography Oceanography has been defined as "the application of all sciences to the study of the sea. " Before the nineteenth century, scientists with an interest in the sea were few. Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings, but he was reluctant to go to sea to farther his work. For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental (大陆间的 ) travelers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that the question-" what is at the bottom of the oceans" had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers had to know the depth profile(起伏形状)of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured. It was to Maury of the LIS Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings(测水深) were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much. popular interest in his book "The Physical Geography of the Sea". The cable was laid, but not until 1866 was the connection made permanent and reliable. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairing it was found to be covered with living creatures, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea. Within a few years oceanography was under way. In 1872, Thomson led a scientific expedition (考察), which lasted for four years and brought home thousands of samples from the sea. Their classification and analysis occupied scientists for years and led to a five-volume report, the last volume being published in 1895. "defied" in the paragraph 5 probably means______.
阅读下列材料 材料一： 大战宣告结束，内战不容再有，如何以建国之功收抗战之果，甚有赖于先生之惠然一行，共定大计…… ——1945年8月20日蒋介石再次邀请毛泽东到重庆谈判的电报 材料二： 抗战胜利，日寇投降……乃奸匪竟……企图破坏统一以遂其割据之阴谋，若不速于剿除，不仅八年抗战前功尽失，且必贻害无穷。 ……此次剿共为人民幸福之所系，务本以往抗战之精神，遵照中正所订剿共手本，督励所属努力进剿，迅速完成任务……——1945年10月13日蒋介石给何应钦的密电 材料三： “事实上，蒋介石甚至连再占领华南都有极大的困难……如果他不同共产党人及俄国人达成协议，他就休想进入东北。由于共产党人占领了铁路中间的地方，蒋介石要想占领东北和中南就不可能…… 假如我们让日本人放下他们的武器，那么将整个中国就会被共产党人拿过去…… 因此我们便命令日本人守着他们的岗位和维护秩序，等到蒋介石的军队一到，日本军队便向他们投降……这种利用日本军队阻止共产党人的办法是国防部和国务院联合决定而经我批准的。” ——美国总统杜鲁门的回忆 回答问题： 蒋介石当时为什么要玩弄反革命两手在上述材料中有何依据
The Amazon River basin boasts the largest river system on Earth and harbors an ecosystem that is tremendously complex. Early travelers from renaissance Europe were overwhelmed by their first encounters. In 1531, Francisco Pizarro overthrew the Incan empire, removing the emperor from his throne and taking for Spain the Incan imperial treasures. A decade later his younger brother ventured east from the high plateau of the Andes Mountains in pursuit of the famous cities of gold and spices thought to be hidden in the jungle forest. Going down the river the expedition soon exhausted its supplies and a small group was sent ahead to search for food. Eight months later, this group emerged at the mouth of the Amazon, having made what would prove to be the first descent of the length of the river.A missionary who accompanied the group sent a remarkable account of their adventures to the Pope, including mention of the great signal drums that sounded from village to village far in advance of their arrival, warning of the coming of the European strangers. His manuscript records seeing innumerable settlements along the river—on one day they passed more than twenty villages in succession, and some of these are said to have stretched for six miles or more. Such reports have intrigued scientists ever since, for they describe dense populations and large federations of tribes which, if verified, would be entirely at odds with modern stereotypes of hidden, thinly scattered tribes scratching out an uncertain existence.Beginning in the late seventeenth-century, the successors to the first explorers recorded and collected many of the everyday objects fashioned from wood and other organic materials that usually rot in a tropical climate. Such collections housed in European museums preserve a "window" into cultures that were soon to experience huge changes brought about by foreign diseases and cruel abuse at the hands of Europeans.Population collapse and movement along the principal rivers of the Amazon system have contributed to a veil of misunderstanding that has long covered the cultural achievements of tropical forest societies. Diffuse bands hunting deep in the forest interior eventually came to be seen as the typical tropical forest adaptation. So much so that when archaeological studies began in earnest at the mouth of the Amazon in the 1950’s, scientists argued that the sophisticated culture they were discovering could not have originated in the Amazon Basin itself, but must have been derived from more advanced cultures elsewhere. They imagined the tropical forest to be an "imitation paradise" unable to support much beyond a simple hunting-and-gathering way of life. This mistaken idea has exerted a persistent influence ever since. According to the first paragraph, a small group succeeded （）
下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白白确定1个最佳选项。 It sounds all wrong-drilling holes in a piece of wood to make it more resistant to knock. But it works because the energy from the blow gets distributed throughout the wood rather than focusing on one weak spot. The discovery should lead to more effective and lighter packaging materials. Carpenters have known (51) centuries that some woods are tougher than others. Hickory(山核桃木), for example, was turned into axe handles and cartwheel spokes (车轮辐条) because it can absorb shocks without breaking. White oak (橡木), for example, is much more easily damaged, (52) it is almost as dense. Julian Vincent at Bathe University and his team were convinced the wood’s internal structure could explain the differences. Many trees have tubular(管状的) vessels that run (53) the trunk and carry water to the leaves. In oak they are large, and arranged in narrow bands, but in hickory they are smaller, and more evenly distributed. The researchers (54) this layout might distribute a blow’s energy throughout the wood, soaking up a bigger hit. To test the idea, they drilled holes 0.65 millimeters across into a block of spruce(云杉), a wood with (55) vessels, and found that (56) withstood a harder knock. (57) when there were more than about 30 holes per square centimeter did the wood’s performance drop off. A uniform substance doesn’t cope well with knocks because only a small proportion of the material is actually (58) . All the energy from the blow goes towards breaking the material in one or two places, but often the pieces left (59) are pristine(未经破坏的). "But instead of the energy being concentrated in one place, the holes provide many weak spots that all absorb energy as they break", says Vincent, "You are controlling the places (60) the wood breaks, and it can then absorb more (61) , more safely". The researchers believe the principle could be applied to any material- (62) example, to manufacture lighter and more protective packaging. That could (63) be used in car bumpers (保险杠), crash barriers and armor for military vehicles, says Ulrike Wegst, (64) the Max Plank Institute for Mental Research in Stuttgart. But she emphasizes that you’d (65) to design the substance with the direction of force in mind. "The direction of loading is crucial", she says.
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