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When We Are Asleep Everyone dreams,but some peopole never recall their dreams,or do so very rarely.Other people always wake up with vivid recollections (记忆) of their dreams,though they forget them very quickly.In an average night of eight hours’ sleep,an average adult will dream for around one hundred minutes,probably having three to five dreams,each lasting from ten to thirty minutes. Scientists can detect when someone is having a dream by using an instrument which measures the electrical waves in the brain.During dreaming,these waves move more quickly.Breathing and pulse rate also increase,and there are rapid eye movements under the lids,just as though the dreamer were really looking at moving objects.These signs of dreaming have been detected in all mammals (哺 乳动物) studied,including dogs,monkeys,cats,and elephants,and also some birds and reptiles (爬行动物).This period of sleep is called the“D”state for around 50% of their sleep;the period reduces to around 25% by the age of 10. Dreams take the form of stories,but they may be strange and with incidents not connected,which make little sense.Dreams are seldom without people in them and they are usually about people we know.One estimate says that two-thirds of the“cast”of our dream dramas are friends and relations.Vision seems an essential part of dreams,except for people blind from birth.Sound and touch are senses also often aroused,but smell and taste are not frequently involved.In“normal”dreams,the dreamer may be taking part,or be only an observer.But he or she cannot control what happens in the dream. However,the dreamer does have control over one type of dream.This type of dream is called a“lucid”(清醒的) dream.Not everyone is a lucid dreamer.Some people are occasional lucid dreamers.Others can dream lucidly more or less all the time.In a lucid dream,the dreamer knows that he is dreaming. We rarely smell things in dreams.
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Hitchhiking(搭车旅游) When I was in my teens(十几岁)and 20s,hitchhiking was a main form of long-distance transport.The kindness or curiosity of strangers（51）me all over Europe,North America,Asia and southern Africa.Some of the lift-givers became friends,many provided hospitality（52）the road. Not only did you find out much more about a country than（53）traveling by train or plane,but also there was that element of excitement about where you would finish up that night.Hitchhiking featured importantly in Western culture.It has books and songs about it.So what has happened to （54） A few years ago,I asked the same question about hitchhiking in a column on a newspaper.（55）of people from all over the world responded with their view on the state of hitchhiking. “If there is a hitchhiker’s （56）it must be lran,”came one reply.Rural lreland was recommended as a friendly place for hitchhiking,（57）was Quebec,Canada-“if you don’t mind being berated(严厉指责)for not speaking French.” But while hitchhiking was clearly still alive and well in many parts of the world,the （58）feeling was that throughout much of the west it was doomed(消亡). With so much news about crime in the media,people assumed that anyone on the open road without the money for even a bus ticket must present a danger.But do we（59）to be so wary both to hitchhike and to give a lift In Poland in the 1960s,（60）a Polish woman who e-mailed me,“the authorities introduced the Hitchhiker’s Booklet.The booklet contained coupons for drivers,so each time a driver（61）somebody,he or she received a coupon.At the end of the season,（62）who had picked up the most hikers were rewarded with various prizes.Everybody was hitchhiking then.” Surely this is a good idea for society.Hitchhiking would increase respect by breaking down（63）between strangers.It would help fight（64）warming by cutting down on fuel consumption as hitchhikers would be using existing fuels.It would also improve eductional standards by delivering instant（65）in geography,history,politics and sociology. 55（）
Robots May Allow Surgery in Space Small robots designed by University of Nebraska researchers may allow doctors on Earth to help perform surgery on patients in space. The tiny,wheeled robots,（51）are about 3 inches tall and as wide as a lipstick case,can be slipped into small incisions(切口)and computer-controlled by surgeons in different locations.Some robots are equipped（52）cameras and lights and can send images back to surgeons and others have surgical tools attached that can be（53）remotely. “We think this is going to （54）open surgery,”Dr Dmitry Oleynikov said at a news conference.Oleynikov is a （55）in computer-assisted surgery at the University of Nebraska Medical Center in Omaha. Officials hope that NASA will teach（56）to use the robots soon enough so that surgeries could one day be performed in space. On earth,the surgeons could control the robots themselves（57）other locations.For example,the robots could enable surgeons in other places to （58）on injured soldiers on the front line.Researchers plan tp seek federal regulatory（59）early nest year.Tests on animals have been successful,and tests on humans in England will begin very soon. The camera-carrying robots can provide（60）of affected areas and the ones with surgical tools will be able to maneuver(操控)inside the body in ways surgeons’ hands can’t.The views from the camera-carrying robots are （61）than the naked eye,because they（62）back color images that are magnified(放大).Because several robots can be inserted through one incision,they could reduce the amount and （63）of cuts needed for surgery,which would decrease recovery time.This is particularly（64）to those patients who have been debilitated(使虚弱)by long illness. Eventually,Oleynikov said,the tiny robots may enable surgeons to work without ever（65）their hands in patients’ bodies.“That’s the goal,”Oleynikov said.“It’s getting easier and easier.We can do even more with these devices.”
第一篇A Debate on the English Language A measure declaring English the national language is under intense debate in the United States.The US Senate passed two declarations last week.One calls English the nation’s official language and the other says it is the “common and unifying(统一的)”tongue.But Americans found themselves divided on the issue. Since people worldwide know that most Americans speak only English,many can’t understand why the issue is so controversial(有争议的). “The discussion is related to fears of immigration issues,”says Dick Tucker,a social scientist at Pittsburgh’s Carnegie Mellon University.“It’s related to a worry about the changing demography(人口统计)of the US.It’s a worry about who will continue to have political and economic influence.” In fact,the notion of protecting the language has been kicked around almost since the nation’s founding.John Adams lobbied(游说)in 1780 for the creation of a national academy to correct and improve the English language.But his proposal died,since lawmakers saw it as a royalist(保皇主义者)attempt to define personal behavior. Since then,the country hasn’t had a national language,but the idea of recognizing the special status of English lived on. The emotions surrounding language resurface(再次浮现)not because people feel comfortable with English.It is more about the discomfort many Americans feel with the new languages,says Walt Wolfram,a professor at North Carolina State University. “Language is never about language,”he says. According to the 2000 US Census Bureau report,of 209 million Americans over 18 years old,172 million speak only English at home.About 37 million speak languages other than English.Among them,6.5 million speak poor English and 3.1 million don’t speak English at all. .Which statement is true according to the 2000 US Census Bureau report（）
某城市跨线立交桥工程，桥梁全长811m，共计24跨，桥梁下部结构有22根直径1.5m的钻孔灌注桩，采用反循环钻机成孔。项目部针对钻孔桩数量多，经招标程序将钻孔作业分项工程分包给甲机械施工公司，由甲公司负责组织钻孔机械进行钻孔作业。施工过程中现场发生如下事件：事件一：项目部在现场文明施工检查时发现：原有泥浆沉淀池已淤积，正在进行钻孔施工的泥浆水沿排水沟直接流到工地附近的河道里，现场土堆旁有未燃尽的油毡碎片。事件二：甲公司液压起重机起吊钢筋笼时，因钢筋笼的U形吊环与主筋焊接不牢，起吊过程中钢筋笼倾倒，所幸作业人员及时避开，没有造成人员伤亡，但将泥浆搅拌棚砸坏。项目经理组织人员清理现场，并开展事故调查分析，对分包方进行罚款处理，调查报告完成后，经项目经理签字，上报了企业负责安全的部门。事件三：受钻孔机械故障影响，项目部要求甲公司增加钻孔机械，以保障钻孔作业的计划进度。因甲公司钻机在其他工地，需等5d后才能运到现场，等到该桥全部钻孔桩完成时已拖延工期13d。问题： 事件一的做法有无违规之处？如果有违规之处，写出正确做法。
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