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Interest is steadily spreading from a minority of enthusiasts in developing renewable sources of energy--wind, wave and solar power, tidal and geothermal energy. Additional support for them has come with a proposal to explore the untapped sources of hydro-electric power in Scotland. The details are provided by Mr. William Manser in a study provided for an expert committee to look at the developments possible for hydro-electric sites and, more important, for means of financing them. There is a clear industrial connection in Mr. Manser’s study because it was done for the Federation of Civil Engineering Contractors; hydro-electric schemes, by definition, have a large civil engineering component in them. Mr. Manser estimates that wind power could theoretically provide more than 7 percent of electricity supply in the United Kingdom, provided suitable sites for generators could be found. However, the practical viability of wind power generation is not likely to be understood until 1990. Other developments using renewable energy sources are also at an early stage as far as their commercial possibilities are concerned, he believe. The best developed and most suitable form of renewable energy is, in his view, hydro power. The technology has been developed over centuries and is still progressing. At present it is the cheapest form of electricity generation. Mr. Manser studied past surveys of the north of Scotland and identified several as suitable for hydro-electric generation. Those are in the remote areas, usually of great natural beauty. But Mr. Manser says a well-designed dam can be impressive in itself. It is also possible to make installation as unobtrusive as possible, to the point of burying parts of them. Hydro generation involves no water pollution, smoke creation or unsightly stocking-out yards. The main trouble, which appears from his report, is financing an undertaking which has a heavy initial capital cost, and very low running costs. However, Mr. Manser does not see that as an unfamiliar position for the electricity industry. He cites the proposed construction of the new nuclear power station at Sizewell in Suffolk, which will have a high initial capital cost. The argument at Sizewell that the reason for the expenditure is that the capital will provide a benefit in lower costs and higher returns in the long-term, applies equally to hydro-electric generation. From the passage we understand that Mr. Manser’s study was
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The eruption also caused huge mudflows.
Interest is steadily spreading from a minority of enthusiasts in developing renewable sources of energy--wind, wave and solar power, tidal and geothermal energy. Additional support for them has come with a proposal to explore the untapped sources of hydro-electric power in Scotland. The details are provided by Mr. William Manser in a study provided for an expert committee to look at the developments possible for hydro-electric sites and, more important, for means of financing them. There is a clear industrial connection in Mr. Manser’s study because it was done for the Federation of Civil Engineering Contractors; hydro-electric schemes, by definition, have a large civil engineering component in them. Mr. Manser estimates that wind power could theoretically provide more than 7 percent of electricity supply in the United Kingdom, provided suitable sites for generators could be found. However, the practical viability of wind power generation is not likely to be understood until 1990. Other developments using renewable energy sources are also at an early stage as far as their commercial possibilities are concerned, he believe. The best developed and most suitable form of renewable energy is, in his view, hydro power. The technology has been developed over centuries and is still progressing. At present it is the cheapest form of electricity generation. Mr. Manser studied past surveys of the north of Scotland and identified several as suitable for hydro-electric generation. Those are in the remote areas, usually of great natural beauty. But Mr. Manser says a well-designed dam can be impressive in itself. It is also possible to make installation as unobtrusive as possible, to the point of burying parts of them. Hydro generation involves no water pollution, smoke creation or unsightly stocking-out yards. The main trouble, which appears from his report, is financing an undertaking which has a heavy initial capital cost, and very low running costs. However, Mr. Manser does not see that as an unfamiliar position for the electricity industry. He cites the proposed construction of the new nuclear power station at Sizewell in Suffolk, which will have a high initial capital cost. The argument at Sizewell that the reason for the expenditure is that the capital will provide a benefit in lower costs and higher returns in the long-term, applies equally to hydro-electric generation. Tile main subject of this passage is the
Interest is steadily spreading from a minority of enthusiasts in developing renewable sources of energy--wind, wave and solar power, tidal and geothermal energy. Additional support for them has come with a proposal to explore the untapped sources of hydro-electric power in Scotland. The details are provided by Mr. William Manser in a study provided for an expert committee to look at the developments possible for hydro-electric sites and, more important, for means of financing them. There is a clear industrial connection in Mr. Manser’s study because it was done for the Federation of Civil Engineering Contractors; hydro-electric schemes, by definition, have a large civil engineering component in them. Mr. Manser estimates that wind power could theoretically provide more than 7 percent of electricity supply in the United Kingdom, provided suitable sites for generators could be found. However, the practical viability of wind power generation is not likely to be understood until 1990. Other developments using renewable energy sources are also at an early stage as far as their commercial possibilities are concerned, he believe. The best developed and most suitable form of renewable energy is, in his view, hydro power. The technology has been developed over centuries and is still progressing. At present it is the cheapest form of electricity generation. Mr. Manser studied past surveys of the north of Scotland and identified several as suitable for hydro-electric generation. Those are in the remote areas, usually of great natural beauty. But Mr. Manser says a well-designed dam can be impressive in itself. It is also possible to make installation as unobtrusive as possible, to the point of burying parts of them. Hydro generation involves no water pollution, smoke creation or unsightly stocking-out yards. The main trouble, which appears from his report, is financing an undertaking which has a heavy initial capital cost, and very low running costs. However, Mr. Manser does not see that as an unfamiliar position for the electricity industry. He cites the proposed construction of the new nuclear power station at Sizewell in Suffolk, which will have a high initial capital cost. The argument at Sizewell that the reason for the expenditure is that the capital will provide a benefit in lower costs and higher returns in the long-term, applies equally to hydro-electric generation. What drawback is there to the provision of wind power generation
Perhaps shyness would be less of a problem if we considered it a special grace to be celebrated, rather than a disease to be cured. Shyness may even be a necessary element in developing and maintaining intimacy. And, paradoxically, maybe we can only act publicly in a vital way so long as shyness guards the sanctuary of our privacy. To offer a panacea to shyness, to sing of its virtues, may allow it to assume an honored place within the economy of emotions. Before we begin, let us eliminate certain extremes from our definition of shyness. At times of disease, tragedy, and radical transitions, most of us have flashes of rampant paranoia, when the world seems hostile, other people are strangers, and we are too vulnerable to be open to chaos. Fortunately, these moments pass, for all except those who become imprisoned within neurosis or psychosis. But momentary fear is not to be confused with its distant relative-shyness-nor can it be eliminated by any means short of lobotomy. Normal shyness is, at worst, a tendency to withdraw from contact with anything that is strange, it is rooted in feelings of inferiority and low self-esteem. But, at best, shyness may be inexperience, modesty, or reserve, an inner trembling in the face of novelty. If the social situation demands that we move toward intimacy more rapidly than is comfortable, shyness is a painful reminder of the distance between social demands and our private rhythms. All of us are shy at times, because the world is full of wonders, and we are small and relatively ignorant. To value shyness is to cherish the interior life it protects. Within each of us is a private world filled with vulnerable and savage thoughts, feelings, and dreams. It is within this inner wilderness that the uniqueness of the self dwells. Beneath the social roles we have agreed to play, beneath the personality, the essential self remains free. The will and the imagination are untamed. To be a person is to know that the sum of my behaviors is only a small part of my self. In my solitude, I may entertain thoughts as intricate as Aristotle’s or as twisted as de Sade’s, or watch a conflict between duty and desire as fierce as any civil war. We are poverty-stricken when we are conditioned to assume only an extroverted social identity and to neglect the inner life. Shyness is a natural defense of our vulnerable sanctuary of self against the intrusion of insensitive and careless strangers. Nobody but a fool keeps open house for all comers. Friendship requires time and commitment. And the barriers of shyness fall of their own accord when a relationship lengthens and deepens in trust. A look at the social and psychological imperatives in a technological culture shows why shyness has come to be considered a disease that must be cured. Technology conditions us to believe that speed, efficiency, and productivity are of prime value. Hence, we come to understand ourselves on the model of the machine: our brains are elaborate biocomputers housed in a feedback apparatus called a body. To exist in this Brave New World, we have learned to divide our time into convenient segments(40-hour weeks) for efficient management and to develop enough aggression to beat the competition. To prepare ourselves to live in a competitive world, we adopt what Erich Fromm called a"marketing orientation." We construct personalities that are stylish and conform to the demands of a market economy. The author’s main point or thesis is that shyness is______. [A] a social disease for which we must seek a cure [B] a tendency to withdraw from anything strange [C] a special grace to be celebrated, without which we cannot remain human [D] a natural defence of our vulnerable sanctuary of self against outside disturbance
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