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Back in the day, a good report card earned you a parental pat on the back, but now it could be money in your pocket. Experiments with cash incentives (激励) for students have been catching on in public-school districts across the country, and so has the debate over whether they are a (47) tool for hard-to-motivate students. According to a study (48) today by the social-policy research group MDRC, a non-profit organization, cash incentives combined with counseling offered "real hope" to low-income and nontraditional students at two Louisiana community colleges. The program (49) by the Louisiana Department of Social Services and the Louisiana Workforce Commission was simple: enroll in college at least half-time, (50) at least a C average and earn 1,000 a semester for up to two terms. Participants, who were randomly (51) , were 30% more likely to register for a second semester than were students who were not offered the supplemental financial (52) . And the participants who were first offered cash incentives in spring 2004--and thus whose progress was tracked for longer than that of subsequent groups before Hurricane Katrina (53) forced researchers to suspend the survey for several months in August 2005--were also more likely than their peers to be enrolled in college a year after they had finished the two-term program. Students offered cash incentives in the Louisiana program earned more (54) and were more likely to attain a C average than were nonparticipants. And they showed psychological (55) too, reporting more positive feelings about themselves and their abilities to (56) their goals for the future.A) maintainB) brilliantC) cooperativeD) claimE) aidF) selectedG) retainH) abruptlyI) creditsJ) fulfilled K) benefits L) accomplish M) released N) naturally O) funded
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Since we are social beings, the quality of our lives depends in large measure on our [interpersonal](人与人之间的) relationships. One strength of the human condition is our (36) to give and receive support from one another under stressful circumstances. Social support (37) of the exchange of resources among people (38) on their interpersonal ties. Those of us with strong support systems appear better able to cope with major life changes and (39) problems. People with strong social ties live longer and have better health than those without such ties. Studies over a range of illnesses, from depression to heart disease, (40) that the presence of social support helps people fight off illness, and the (41) of such support makes poor health more likely. Social support (42) stress in a number of ways. First, friends, relatives, and (43) may let us know that they value us. (44) . Second, other people often provide us with informational support. (45) .Third, we typically find that engaging in leisure-time activities with others helps us to meet our social needs (46) .Finally, other people may give us helpful support--financial aid, material resources, and needed services--that reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems.
People in the US can now carry an artificial intelligence (AI) around in their pocket, where it waits patiently to be told what to do. Siri, an iPhone application that understands spoken commands and uses the web to carry them out,is a byproduct from a US military project to develop an artificially intelligent assistant. Many people’s experience of a "virtual assistant" may be limited to Microsoft’s annoying classic Mr. Clippy. But in the week we spent together, my AI assistant has performed admirably in finding me restaurants, or the location of the nearest coffee shop. It wasn’t even stumped when I asked "do I need my umbrella today" coming straight back with the local weather forecast. A typical command might be: "Reserve a table for two at a good French restaurant in San Francisco." Siri responds by presenting a list of top-rated restaurants that can be booked on OpenTable.com. If you say which time you want, it can book you a table without your lifting a finger. In some ways Siri is just a fancy front-end to the 35 sites it can connect to, from taxi booking sites to movie review databases. But what’s new is the way it can interpret the intentions of its master or mistress and use those sites to put them into action. Doing that requires the ability to actually understand the meaning of words you use, not just passing on keywords blindly, says Siri co-founder Adam Cheyer. "Book a four-star restaurant in Boston seems pretty straightforward," says Cheyer, "until you realise that Book is a city in the US, and Star is also a city in the US, and there are 13 Bostons, and Star is also the name of a restaurant." To cut through what Cheyer calls the "combined explosion of interpretations", Siri uses your location, and the history of the commands you’ve given. It knows that "book" is most likely a command verb, unless you happen to be near the city of Book. Siri attaches probabilities to the interpretation of each word and cross-reference(参照) with your location and other data, some of which you must provide yourself. What does "combined explosion of interpretations" used by Cheyer refer to
Pregnant women who suffer lapses(忘却) in memory or concentration may no longer be able to blame it on "the bump". The idea that bearing children affects one’s brain power---the "baby brain"--is a myth, researchers say. Their study found no difference in how pregnant women or new mothers scored on tests of thinking speed and memory compared with those who were childless. Writing in the British Journal of Psychiatry, the authors said that pregnant women should be encouraged to stop attributing lapses in memory or logical thinking to their growing baby. The findings contradict previous studies that claimed women’s brains decline in size by up to 4 per cent while they are pregnant, potentially leading to worse performance on tests of memory and oral skills. Helen Christensen, author of the latest study, said that the effect was "a myth". Professor Christensen’s team recruited 1,241 women aged 20-24 in 1999 and 2003 and asked them to perform a series of tasks. The women were followed up at four-year intervals and asked to perform the same cognitive tests. A total of 77 women were pregnant at the follow-up assessments, 188 had become mothers and 542 remained childless. The researchers found no significant differences in cognitive(认知的) change for those women who were pregnant or new mothers during the assessments and those who were not. "Not so long ago, pregnancy was ’confinement’ and motherhood meant the end of career aspirations," Professor Christensen said, "but our results challenge the view that mothers are anything other than the intellectual peers of their contemporaries." Cathy Warwick, of the Royal College of Midwives, said that the difficulties of pregnancy and motherhood could explain why some women felt absent-minded or tired. The number of infants in England dying before their first birthday is still greater than in countries such as France, Spain, the Audit Commission says. The health of pre-school children has not significantly improved despite the Government having spent ￡10 billion, directly or indirectly, since 1998 on improving the health of children under the age of 5 in England. Infant death rates have fallen but are "still relatively high" compared with other European countries. Why does the author mention the high infant death rates in the last two paragraphs
People in the US can now carry an artificial intelligence (AI) around in their pocket, where it waits patiently to be told what to do. Siri, an iPhone application that understands spoken commands and uses the web to carry them out,is a byproduct from a US military project to develop an artificially intelligent assistant. Many people’s experience of a "virtual assistant" may be limited to Microsoft’s annoying classic Mr. Clippy. But in the week we spent together, my AI assistant has performed admirably in finding me restaurants, or the location of the nearest coffee shop. It wasn’t even stumped when I asked "do I need my umbrella today" coming straight back with the local weather forecast. A typical command might be: "Reserve a table for two at a good French restaurant in San Francisco." Siri responds by presenting a list of top-rated restaurants that can be booked on OpenTable.com. If you say which time you want, it can book you a table without your lifting a finger. In some ways Siri is just a fancy front-end to the 35 sites it can connect to, from taxi booking sites to movie review databases. But what’s new is the way it can interpret the intentions of its master or mistress and use those sites to put them into action. Doing that requires the ability to actually understand the meaning of words you use, not just passing on keywords blindly, says Siri co-founder Adam Cheyer. "Book a four-star restaurant in Boston seems pretty straightforward," says Cheyer, "until you realise that Book is a city in the US, and Star is also a city in the US, and there are 13 Bostons, and Star is also the name of a restaurant." To cut through what Cheyer calls the "combined explosion of interpretations", Siri uses your location, and the history of the commands you’ve given. It knows that "book" is most likely a command verb, unless you happen to be near the city of Book. Siri attaches probabilities to the interpretation of each word and cross-reference(参照) with your location and other data, some of which you must provide yourself. Siri is distinctive from the other AI applications in ______.
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