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Diogenes was the founder of the creed called Cynicism (the word means "doggishness"); he spent much of his life in the rich, lazy, corrupt Greek city of Corinth, mocking and satirizing its people, and occasionally converting one of them. He was not crazy. He was a philosopher who wrote plays and poems and essays expounding his doctrine; he talked to those who cared to listen; he had pupils who admired him. But he taught chiefly by example. All should live naturally, he said, for what is natural is normal and cannot possibly be evil or shameful. Live without conventions, which are artificial and false; escape complexities and superfluities and extravagance; only so can you live a free life. The rich man believes he possesses his big house with its many rooms and its elaborate furniture, his pictures and his expensive clothes, his horses and his servants and his bank accounts. He does not. He depends on them, he worries about them, he spends most of his life’s energy looking after them; the thought of losing them makes him sick with anxiety. They possess him. He is their slave. In order to procure a quantity of false, perishable goods he has sold the only true, lasting good, his own independence. Diogenes thought most people were only half-alive, most men only half-men. At bright noonday he walked through the market place carrying a lighted lamp and inspecting the face of everyone he met. They asked him why. Diogenes answered, "I am trying to find a man." To a gentleman whose servant was putting on his shoes for him, Diogenes said, "You won’t be really happy until he wipes your nose for you; that will come after you lose the use of your hands." And so he lived—like a dog, some said, because he cared nothing for privacy and other human conventions, and because he showed his teeth and barked at those whom he disliked. Now he was lying in the sunlight, as contented as a dog on the warm ground, happier than the Shah of Persia. Although he knew he was going to have an important visitor, he would not move. What does the last sentence in the first paragraph imply
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Questions 11-13 are based on the following friends’ talk about where to entertain. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11-13. How is Barbara traveling to the shops tomorrow
Questions 11-13 are based on the following friends’ talk about where to entertain. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11-13. Who is Barbara going to shop with
We all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is some 7—8 hours’ sleep alternating with some 16—17 hours’ wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness. Our present concern is how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified. The question is no more academic one. The ease, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working at night, is a question of growing importance in industries where automation calls for round-the-clock working of machines. It normally takes from five days to one week for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness, sleeping during the day and working at night. Unfortunately, it is often the case in industries where shifts are changed every week; a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 a.m. one week, 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. the next, and 4 p.m. to 12 midnight the third and soon. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another, so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently. The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a number of permanent night workers. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night-shift workers was carried out by Brown in 1957. She found a high incidence of disturbed sleep and other disorders among those on alternating day and night shifts, but no abnormal occurrence of these phenomena among those on permanent night work. This latter system then appears to be the best long-term policy, but meanwhile something may be done to relieve the strains of alternate day and night work by selecting those people who can adapt most quickly to the changes of routine. One way of knowing when a person has adapted is by measuring his body temperature. People engaged in normal daytime work will have a high temperature during the hours of wakefulness and a low one at night; when they change to night work, the pattern will only gradually go back to match the new routine and the speed with which it does so parallels, broadly speaking, the adaptation of the body as a whole, particularly in terms of performance. Therefore, by taking body temperature at intervals of two hours throughout the period of wakefulness it can be seen how quickly a person can adapt to a reversed routine, and this could be used as a basis for selection. So far, however, such a form of selection does not seem to have been applied in practice. Why is the question of "how easily people can get used to working at night" not a mere academic question
Landslides happen when large amounts of rock, mud and other loose materials are suddenly uprooted and sent sliding down a slope. This might be caused by an earthquake or it might happen after a heavy rain or when soil becomes waterlogged after a fall of snow. As the material loses its grip and begins to move down the slope it gathers speed and sweeps up more material with devastating results. Nepal suffers from frequent landslides because the hillsides have been stripped of trees. When it rains the water soaks into the soil and this slides down the mountainside. The worst landslide in Wales’ history came about with the collapse of an artificial mountain on 21 October 1966. A 250-metre high mountain of waste material from the local coal mine had been piled up outside the village of Aberfan. Two million tons of rock, coal and mud began to move with a thunderous roar towards’the local school, uprooting trees and crushing houses. It was the start of the school day and almost every child in the village was there. The building collapsed under the weight of the avalanche, and crushed children and their teachers beneath it. One hundred and forty five people, among them 116 children, lost their lives. Which of the following cannot explain how landslides happen
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