The development of toothpaste began as long ago as 3000/5000 BC in the ancient countries of China and India. According to Chinese history, Huang-Ti claimed different types of pain felt in the mouth could be cured by sticking gold and silver needles into different parts of the jaw and gum. h was theories such as these that led to the development of dental cream. During the years 3000/5000 BC, Egyptians made toothpaste using a recipe of powdered ashes of hooves of oxen, myrrh, powdered and burned eggshells and pumice. It is assumed that the ancient Egyptians used their fingers to rub the mixture onto teeth.The tooth stick, the forerunner of the toothbrush, had not, as far as is known, been discovered at this time. From the records of the ancient countries of India, China and Egypt, it was the Greeks and Romans who developed and improved toothpaste and developed a leaden instrument for the extraction of teeth. They were also the first to bind loose teeth together and to support artificial teeth by means of gold wire. During 1000 AD, the Persians gave advice on the dangers of using hard toothpowders and recommendations were made to make toothpowder from burnt hartshorn, the burnt shells of snails and oysters and burned gypsum. Other Persian recipes included dried animal parts, herbs, honey and minerals. One formula for strengthening teeth included green lead, verdigris, incense, honey and powdered flint stone.Toothpowder or dentifrice was first available in Britain in the late 18th century. It came in a ceramic pot and was available either as a powder or paste. The rich applied it with brushes and the poor with their fingers. The powders were developed by doctors, dentists and chemists and often contained ingredients that were highly abrasive and harmful to the teeth, such as brick dust, china, earthenware or cuttlefish, and to make them more palatable, they contained glycerine. By the early nineteenth century, the ingredient stronchium was introduced, to strengthen teeth and reduce sensitivity, but it only really concentrated on the gums. In the late 18th century, borax powder was used to get the foaming effect. In 1873, an aromatic toothpaste in a jar was introduced in the U.S. and in 1896, Dental Cream was first packaged in collapsible tubes. Before the Second World War, the majority of toothpaste on the market used soap as an emulsifying agent, even though it was known that soap had certain inherent defects. According to the passage, it can be inferred that the Greeks and Romans ()。
A. also developed the toothbrush
B. were the first to support artificial teeth
C. had more dental problems than other cultures
D. did not keep records of their dental practices
W: Hello, Freddy.M: Hello, Mary. How nice to see you again. How’s everything goingW: Fine. Busy these daysM: Yeah. With lots of things to do. Would you like to join me for a drinkW: Ok, thanks.M: Any news recentlyW: Oh, well, I read in the local paper the other day that the government is planning to build an airport here, you know thatM: I’m afraid not.W: Well, my real objection to this idea of a new airport is, is the whole thing is so wasteful, I mean, we know we are currently in fuel crises, we know that we’ve got to conserve oil and fuel and all the rest of it, and get here the government seems quite deliberately to be encouraging people to,... to travel, to use and these jets use a hack of a lot of oil, I mean it takes a ton of oil, a ton of petrol before one of these big jets even takes off.M: Mm...W: It seems so completely short-sighted to me. Quite apart from all the ways to the land and so on, I can’t see, I can’t see the rationale behind really wanting an, an airport at all.M: Well, surely you must have to admit that the existing airport nearby are becoming swarmed. I mean, why should people, uhh...W: Well, they aren’t being swarmed.M: ... be treated like cattle when there is a chance of... a new airport here.W: But, but really people shouldn’t be traveling as much, that’s, that’s why most of the journeys, I mean, they swamped because there is far too much unnecessary tourism and soon. It isn’t necessary for people to travel so far or even so often.M: Well, you take the climate here in this country. Now just before Christmas, there was this dreadful cold spell, and there was a tremendous increase in number of people who wanted to leave and spent Christmas and the New Year in a reasonable climate of sun and, and a certain mild climate. And, and in summer, the same situation occurs. It is unbearably hot here and people want to go somewhere cool.W: Well, yes, I can sympathize with that. But it is still not really necessary to do, well, as it is necessary to, to conserve fuel and it is necessary to, well, not to Waste land. I mean land for a new airport could be used for far more important things which would benefit the people here far more. I mean it could be used for farming for instance.M: True.W: It could also he used for housing, or it could be used for parks, you know. People then could come and enjoy themselves without having to travel far.M: But, airports do bring some local advantages. They bring roads, there is obviously extra employment, for instance, new hotels, shops, restaurants will have to be built. This means more jobs for the locals and it is good for local economy.W: But you ask the people, you ask those who are now living near the airports, for instance, whether, whether they reckon that airports bring them advantages, although, all the airports bring in are noise and vast motorways, and the whole area is, is desolated, isn’t itM: But the airport infra,..., infrastructure relies on housing and other facilities for the great number of people who would be employed in the airport, the pilots even, the stewardess, they have to live somewhere near the airport, rightW: Yeah, but it’s, it’s just so, so damaging to the whole area. I think, airports, from my point of view, the whole concept is outdated, really. Umm, with modern technology, we can make a lot of travel unnecessary, really. For example, it won’t be necessary for businessmen to fly out to a foreign county to talk to somebody. They can just leave it to the telephone in the office, press the button, and say to the person they want to do business with. You see, business deals can be made without having to travel back and forth, rightM: Yes, you are right. But for a lot of people, personal contact is important. And this means travel, and means quick travel, air travel. And we just need a new airport. Freddy has cited the following advantages for a new airport EXCEPT()。
A. more job opportunities.
B. vitality to the local economy.
C. road construction.
D. presence of aircrew in the area.