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Passage 1 Software piracy problems exist and have been exacerbated in recent years due to IS overload, decentralized purchasing, budget constraints, general user and corporate management attitudes, lack of knowledge of the copyright laws, and now Internet access. Most organizations have not managed their software very effectively. Determining the extent of the problem is a time-consuming process. The industry’s response has been to form trade associations to educate the public about the copyright law and to aggressively pursue pirates. Some of the largest PC companies have set up their own in-house programs to combat the problem. Corporate exposure is increasing due to the need to manage more machines, software and on-line and Internet access. Civil and criminal penalties for copyright infringement have stiffened. As a result, trade association resources have increased significantly as well as calls to hotlines from unhappy employees due to corporate downsizing. When infringing software is reported, the company is at risk of embarrassing litigation for copyright infringement. The company will most probably lose as the copyright holder usually has a "smoking gun" based on reports from former employees or other whistle blowers. There is also the simple fact that no matter how hard the IS staff try, there are and always will be copies of software programs that cannot be validated by purchasing records. They come in from home, are created by otherwise conscientious employees trying to get their jobs done or just unauthorized copies by purchasing records. They come in unauthorized copies created by cost conscious managers and employees. Internet access only increases these problems as software is downloaded from sites worldwide. A software management program will reduce the risks from using counterfeit or copied software and help avoid damage from viruses and corrupt programs. By conducting an audit before infringement is reported the corporation will reduce its exposure. It is easy to inventory software programs on any particular machine. However, matching the software to the licensing documents is no easy task. Interpreting the variety of software licenses takes familiarity with industry business and licensing practices. Networks make the task much more complex. Internet access compounds the problem. Employers should set guidelines for when and how to download software and data from on-line services and the Internet. Most software vendors maintain on-line support and provide the ability to download bug fixes and program updates. However, one bad virus can wreak havoc throughout a company’s networks and shut down the whole system. Firewall technology that controls access to and from outside systems can help. Information systems staff should work with management to develop policies that reduce risk but reflect the level of openness that suits a particular company’s corporate culture. The author advises information systems staff to work with management in making policies because ______.
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Passage 4 In the 1950s, the pioneers of artificial intelligence (AI) predicted that, by the end of this century, computers would be conversing with us at work and robots would be performing our housework. But as useful as computers are, they’re nowhere close to achieving remotely resembling these early aspirations for humanlike behavior. Never mind something as complex as conversation: the most powerful computers struggle to reliably recognize the shape of an object, the most elementary of a ten-month-old kid. A growing group of AI researchers think they know where the field went wrong. The problem, the scientists say, is that AI has been trying to separate the highest, most abstract levels of thought, like language and mathematics, and to duplicate them with logical, step-by-step programs. A new movement in AI, on the other hand, takes a closer look at the more roundabout way in which nature came up with intelligence. Many of these researchers study evolution and natural adaptation instead of formal logic and conventional computer programs. Rather than digital computers and transistors, some want to work with brain cells and proteins. The results of these early efforts are as promising as they are peculiar, and the new nature-based Al movement is slowly but surely moving to the forefront of the field. Imitating the brain’s neural network is a huge step in the right direction, says computer Scientist and biophysicist Michael Conrad, but it still misses an important aspect of natural intelligence. "People tend to treat the brain as if it were made up of color-coded transistors", he explains." But it’s not simply a clever network of switches. There are lots of important things going on inside the brain cells themselves." Specifically, Conrad believes that many of the brain’s capabilities stem from the pattern-recognition proficiency of the individual molecules that make up each brain cell. The best way to build an artificially intelligent device, he claims, would be to build it around the same sort of molecular skills. Right now, the notion that conventional computers and software are fundamentally incapable of matching the processes that take place in the brain remains controversial. But if it proves true, then the efforts of Conrad and his fellow AI rebels could turn out to be the only game in town. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase "the only game in town"(Line 3, Para. 4)
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