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The Bilingual Brain
When Karl Kim immigrated to the United States from Korea"s a teenager， he had a hard time learning English. Now he speaks it fluently， and he had a unique opportunity to see how our brains adapt to a second language. As a graduate student， Kim worked in the lab of Joy Hirsch， a neuroscientist in New York. __________ （46） They found evidence that children and adults don"t use the same parts of the brain when they leam a second language.
The researchers used an instrument called an MRI （magnetic resonance imaging） scanner to study the brains of two groups of bilingual people. __________ （47） The other consisted of people who， like Kim， learned their second language later in life. People from both groups were placed inside the MRI scanner. This allowed Kim and Hirsch to see which parts of the brain were getting more blood and were more active. They asked people from both groups to think about what they had done the day before， first in one language and then the other. They couldn"t speak out loud because any movement would disrupt the scanning.
Kim and Hirsch looked specifically at two language centers in the brain —— Broca"s area， which is believed to control speech production， and Wemicke"s area， which is thought to process meaning.
Kim and Hirsch found that both groups of people used the same part of Wernicke"s area no matter what language they were speaking. __________ （48）
People who learned a second language as children used the same region in Broca"s area for both their first and second languages. People who learned a second language later in life used a different part of Broca"s area for their second language. __________ （49） Hirsch believes that when language is first being programmed in young children， their brains may mix the sounds and structures of all languages in the same area. Once that programming is complete， the processing of a new language must be taken over by a different part of the brain.
A second possibility is simply that we may acquire languages differently as children than we do as adults. Hirsch thinks that mothers teach a baby to speak by using different methods involving touch， sound， and sight. __________ （50）
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以下关于信用借款的说法正确的是()。
The word "‘springs" in Paragraph 3 means __________. 查看材料
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Air Pollution
There is no question that the old style. of air pollution could kill people. In one week following the infamous "peasouper" fog in December 1952，4，700 people died in London. Most of these people were elderly and already had heart or lung diseases. A series of these killer fogs eventually led to the British Parliament passing the Clean Air Act which restricted the burning of coal.
Fortunately， the effect of smog on the lungs is not so dramatic. Scientists have now conducted a number of laboratory experiments in which volunteers are exposed to ozone inside a steel chamber for a few hours. Even at quite low concentrations there is a rewrsible fall in lung function，an increase in the irritability of the lungs and evidence of airway inflammation. Although irritable and inflamed lungs are particularly seen in people with asthma（哮喘 ）and other lung diseases， theseeffects of ozone also occur in healthy subjects. Similar changes are also seen after exposure to nitrogen dioxide， although there is some disagreement about the concentration at which they occur.
Other studies have found that people living in areas with high levels of pollution have more symptoms and worse lung function than those living in areas with clean air. Groups of children attending school camps show falls in lung function even at quite low concentrations of ozone.
There is also a relationship between ozone levels and hospital admissions for asthma， both in North America and Australia. It is suspected that long-term exposure to smog may result in chronic bronchitis （支气管炎） and emphysema （肺气肿） ， but this has yet to be proven.
Recently an association has been found between the levels of particles in the air and death rates in North American cities. The reason for this association is not understood and as yet there is no evidence this occurs in Australia. However， we do know that hazy days are associated with more asthma attacks in children.
Which of the following is NOT the result of laboratory experience？ 查看材料
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Electric Backpack
Backpacks are convenient. They can hold your books， your lunch， and a change of clothes leaving your hands free to do other things. Someday， if you don"t mind carrying a heavy load， your backpacks might also power your MP3 player， keep your cell phone running， and maybe even light your way home.
Lawrence C. Rome and his colleagues from the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia and the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole， Mass. have invented a backpack thatmakes electricity from energy produced while its wearer walks. In military actions search-and-rescue operations and scientific field studies， people rely increasingly on cellphones global positioning system （GPS） receivers，night-vision goggles， and other battery powered devices to get around and do their work. The backpack"s electricity-generating feature could dramatically reduce the amount of a wearer"s load now devoted to spare batteries， report Rome and his colleagues in the Sept.9 science.
The backpack"s electricity-creating powers depend on springs used to hang a cloth pack from its metal frame. The frame. sits against the wearer"s back， and the whole pack moves up and down as the person walks. A gear mechanism converts vertical movements of the pack to rotary motions of an electrical generator， producing up to 7.4 watts.
Unexpectedly， tests showed that wearers of the new backpack alter their gaits in response to the pack"s oscillations， so that they carry loads more comfortably and with less effort than they do ordinary backpacks. Because of that surprising advantage， Rome plans to commercialize both electric and non-electric versions of the backpack.
The backpack could be especially useful for soldiers， scientists， mountaineers， and emergency workers who typically carry heavy backpacks. For the rest of us， power-generating backpacks could make it possible to walk， play video games， watch TV， and listen to music， all at the same time. Electricity-generating packs aren"t on the market yet， but if you do get one eventually just make sure to look both ways before crossing the street!
Backpacks are convenient because __________. 查看材料
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