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Passage twoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Female applicants to postdoctoral positions in geosciences were nearly half as likely to receive excellent letters of recor ompared with their male counterparts. christopher intagliata report.As in many other fields,gender bias is widespread in the sciences. men score higher starting salaries, have more mentoring (指导), and have better odds of being hired.studies nigher starting also perceived as more competent than women in stem(science, technology, enging,and Mathematics) fields. and new research reveals that men are more likely to receive excellent letters of recommendation,too."Say, you know, this is the best student I've ever had, "says kuheli dutt, a social scientist and diversity officer at columbia university's lamont campus. "compare those excellent letters with a merely good letter:'the candidate was productive, or intelligent, or a solid scientist or something that's clearly.solid praise,'but nothing that singles out the candidate as exceptional ot one of a kind."Dutt and her colleagues studied more than 1,200 letters of recommendation for postdoctor at positions in geoscience.they were all edited for gender and other idetifying information,so dutt and her team could assign them a scoer without knowing the gender of the student. they found that and women, th udes letters of recommendation from all over the world, and written by, yes,he findings are in the ioumal nature geoscience.Dutt says they were not able to evaluate the actual scientific qualificatiOf the apsing the data in the files. but she says the results still suggest women in geoscience are at apotential disadvantage from the very beginning of their careers starting with those less than out-standing letters of recommendation.we re not trying to assign blame or criticize anyone or call anyone conscious.Its of this study to open up meaningful dialogues on implicit gender bias.be it at a departmental level or an institutional level or even a discipline level "which may lead to some recommendations for the letter writers themselves. what do studies about men and women in scientific research show?（）
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We all know there exists great void（空白）in the public educational system when it comes to（26）to STEM（Science,Technology,Engineering Mathematics）,One educator named Dori Roberts decided to do something to change this system. Dori taught high school engineering for 11 years.She noticed there was a real void in quality stem education at all（27）of the public educational system. she said,“I started Engineering for kids (EFK)after noticing a real lack of math, science and engineering programs to（28）my own kids in”She decided to start an after school program where children（29）in STEM-based competitions.The club grew quickly and when it reached 180 members and the kids in the program won several state（30）.she decided to devote all her time to cultivating and（31）it The global business EFK was born.Dori began operating EFK out of her Virginia home, which she then expanded to（32）recreation centers. Today, the EFK program（33）over 144 branches in 32 states within the United States and in 21 countries. Sales have doubled from $5 million in 2014 to $10 million in 2015,with 25 new branches planned for 2016. the EFK website states, “Our nation is not（34）enough engineers. Our philosophy is to inspire kids at a young age to understand that engineering is a great（35）.” 26（）.
下列选项中属于权威型教养方式的是（）。
论述题 试述注意的规律与幼儿活动的关系。
Passage oneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passageAging happens to all of us ,and is generylly thought of as a natural part of life. It would seem silly to call such a thing a "disease".on the other hand,scientists are increasingly learning that aging and biological age are two different things,and that the former is a key risk factor for conditions such as heart disease,cancer and many more. in that light,aging itself might be seen as something treatable, the way you would treat high blood pressure or a vitamin deficiency.Biophysicist alex zhavoronkov believes that aging should be considered a disease. he said that describing aging as a disease creates incentives to develop treatments."It unties the hands of the pharmaceutical(制药的)industry so that they can begin treating the disease and not just the side effects, "he said。"Right now, people think of aging as natural and something you can't control "he said. "in academic circles, people take aging research as just an interest area where they can try to develop interventions. the medical community also takes aging for granted, and can do nothing about it except keep people within a certain health range."But if aging were recognized as a disease, he said, "it would attract funding and change the way we do health care. what matters is understanding that aging is curable. ""it was always known that the body accumulates damage, "he added. "the only way to cure aging is to find ways to repair that damage. i think of it as preventive medicine for age-related conditions.Leonard hayflick, a professor at the university of califomia, san francisco, said the idea that aging can be cured implies the human lifespan can be increased, which some researchers suggest is possible. hayflick is not among them." There 're many people who recover from cancer, stroke or heart disease. but they continue to age, because aging is separate from their disease, " said."even if those causes of death were eliminated, life expectancy would still not go much beyond 92 years." what does professor leonard hayflick believe?（）
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