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Passage 18 We all know that it is possible for ordinary people to make their homes on the equator (赤道), although often they may feel uncomfortably hot there. Millions do it. But as for the North Pole (北极)-we know that it is not only a dangerously cold place, but that people like you and me would find it quite impossible to live there. At the present time only the scientists and explorers can do so, and they use special equipment. Men had been traveling across and around the equator on wheels, on their feet or in ships for thousands of years; but only a few men, with great difficulty and in very recent time, have ever crossed the ice to the North Pole. So it may surprise you to learn that, when traveling by air, it is really safer to fly over the North Pole than over the equator. Of course, this is not true about landings in the polar region (which passenger planes do not make), but the weather, if we are flying at a height of 5, 000 meters above the Pole, is a delight. At 4, 000 meters and more above the earth you can always be sure that you will not see a cloud in the sky as far as the eye can reach. In the tropics (热带), on the other hand, you are not certain to keep clear of bad weather even at such heights as 18,000 or 20,000 meters. Planes can’t climb as high or as quickly in cold air as in warm air. Nor can clouds. (18) In practice, this is an advantage to the plane, which is already at a good height when it reaches the polar region and so does not need to climb, while at the same time cold air keeps the clouds down low. Planes usually do not need to climb quickly or fly high in the polar region because______.
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Passage 16 Sports and games make our bodies strong, prevent us from getting too fat, and keep us healthy. But these are not their only use. They give us valuable practice in making eyes, brain and muscles work together. In tennis, our eyes see the ball coming, judge its speed and direction and pass this information on to the brain~ The brain then has to decide what to do, and to send its orders to the muscles of the arms, legs, and so on, so that the ball is met and hit back where it ought to go. All this must happen with very great speed, and only those who have had a lot of practice at tennis can carry out this complicated chain of events successfully. For those who work with their brains most of the day, the practice of such skills is especially useful. Sports and games are also very useful for character-training. In their lessons at school, boys and girls may learn about such virtues as unselfishness, courage, discipline and love of one’s country; but what is learned in books cannot have the same deep effect on a child’s character as what is learned by experience~ The ordinary day-school cannot give much practical training in living, because most of the pupils’ time is spent in classrooms, studying lessons. So it is what the pupils do in their spare time that really prepares them to take their place in society as citizens when they grow up. (16) If each of them learns to work for his team and not for himself on the football field, he will later find it natural to work for the good of his country instead of only for his own benefit. When we play tennis we have to______.
Passage 20 How men first learned to invent words is unknown; in other words, the origin of language is a mystery. (20) All we really know is that men, unlike animals, somehow invented certain sounds to express thoughts and feelings, actions and things, so that they could communicate with each other; and that later they agreed upon certain signs, called letters, which could be combined to represent those sounds, and which could be written down. Those sounds, whether spoken or written in letters, we call words. The power of words, then, lies in their combinations--the things they bring up before our minds. Words become filled with meaning for us by experience; and the longer we live, the more certain words recall to us the glad and sad events of our past; and the more we read and learn, the more the number of words that mean something to us increases. Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts but also express these thoughts in words which appeal powerfully to our minds and feelings. This charming and telling use of words is what we call literary (文字的) style. Above all, the real poet is a master of words. He can convey his meaning in words which sing like music, and which by their position and association can move men to tears. We should therefore learn to choose our words carefully and use them accurately, or they will make our speech silly and rude. According to the passage, words are______.
某上市公司现有资金1000万元，其中，普通股股本350万元，长期借款 600万元，留存收益50万元。普通股成本为12%，长期借款年利率为8%。该上市公司股票的β系数是2。目前整个股票市场平均收益率为10%，无风险报酬率为6%。公司适用的所得税税率为25%。 该公司拟通过再筹资发展甲投资项目。有关资料如下： (1)甲项目投资额为300万元，经过逐次测试，得到以下数据：当设定折现率为14%和16%时，甲项目的净现值分别为6.5万元和-3.5万元。 (2)甲项目所需资金有A、B两个筹资方案可供选择。A方案：发行票面年利率为11%、期限为3年的公司债券。B方案：增发普通股，股东要求每年股利增长2.1%。 (3)假定该公司筹资过程中发生的筹资费可忽略不计，长期借款和公司债券均为年末付息，到期还本。 要求： (1)计算该公司股票的必要收益率。 (2)计算甲项目的内部收益率。 (3)以该公司股票的必要收益率为标准，判断甲项目是否应当投资。 (4)分别计算甲项目A、B两个筹资方案的资金成本。 (5)根据甲项目的内部收益率和筹资方案的资金成本，对A、B两方案的经济合理性进行分析，并选择最优筹资方案。 (6)计算按最优方案再筹资后公司的综合资金成本。
Passage 38 Animals do many useful and entertaining jobs. (38) Dogs are particularly valuable in guiding the blind (a trained dog can learn never to cross a busy street when cars are coming, even if his master commands him to do so), protecting property, finding lost people, and hunting criminals. Horses are used in guarding herds, carrying men in lands where there are no roads, and helping farmers plow fields. Pigeons have long been used to carry message. Wild animals from the jungles, forests and seas are very popular performers in circuses and movies. People realize that, although animals may not have the same intelligence as human beings, they are smart enough to learn certain things. The first thing a dog is taught is to obey. It should not take too long for him to learn commands. Simple orders, such as "sit, lie down, stay there, come here" can even be taught by a child. Training a dog to be a watchdog often produces unexpected results. Some dogs quickly learn the difference between unwanted people and friends. This is because their masters welcome friends and invite them into their houses. However, some dogs will always attack the postmen who come to deliver letters. One explanation for this behavior is that, although the postman comes to the house frequently, he never enters the house. Therefore, the dog thinks the postman is someone who is not wanted, but keeps coming back anyway. Masters of dogs who attack postmen can easily show the dogs that the postman is a friend and the dog does not need to treat him as an unwanted person. A dog is quite ready to do what his master wishes. And a dog is always happy when he is praised for proper understanding. Some dogs always attack the postman because______.
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