按信息流动方向,沟通可分为正式沟通和非正式沟通。()
A. 对
B. 错
Text 3Art is considered by many people to be little more than a decorative means of giving pleasure. This is not always the case, however; at times, art may be seen to have a purely functional side as well. Such could be said of the sandpaintings of the Navaho Indians of the American Southwest; these have a medicinal as well as an artistic purpose.According to Navaho traditions, one who suffers from either a mental or a physical illness has in some way disturbed or come in contact with the supernatural—perhaps a certain animal, a ghost, or the dead. To counteract this evil contact, the iii person or one of his relatives will employ a medical man called a "singer" to perform a healing ceremony which will attract a powerful supernatural being. During the ceremony, which may last from 2 to 9 days, the "singer" will produce a sandpainting on the floor of the Navaho Hogan. On the last day of the ceremony, the patient will sit on this sandpainting and the "singer" will rub the sick or injured parts of the patient’s body with sand from a specific figure in the sandpainting. In this way the patient absorbs the power of that particular supernatural being and becomes strong like it. After the ceremony, the sandpainting is destroyed and disposed of so its power will not harm anyone.The art of sandpainting is handed down from old "singers" to their students. The materials used are easily found in the areas the Navaho inhabit: brown, red, yellow, and white sandstone, which is ground by being crushed between 2 stones much as corn is milled into flour. The "singer" holds a small amount of this sand in his hand and lets it flow between his thumb and forefingers onto a clean, flat surface on the floor. With a steady hand and great patience, he is thus able to create designs of stylized people, snakes and other creatures that have power in the Navaho belief system. The traditional Navaho does not allow copying of sandpaintings, since he believes the supernatural powers that taught him the craft have forbidden this; however, such reproductions can in fact be purchased today in tourist shops in Arizona and New Mexico. These are done by either Navaho Indians or by other people who wish to preserve this craft. The "singer" treats the patient by ().
A. rubbing the patient’s body with sand from a sandpainting figure
B. destroying the sandpainting figure of a supernatural being
C. transferring his supernatural Power to the patient
D. applying a magic substance to the patient’s body
46-50题基于以下共同题干: 某图书馆预算委员会,必须从下面8个学科领域G,L,M,N,P,R,S和W中,削减恰好5个领域的经费,其条件如下: 如果G和S被削减,则W也被削减; 如果N被削减,则R和S都不会被削减; 如果P被削减,则L不被削减; 在L,M和R这三个学科领域中,恰好有两个领域被削减。 【题干条件分析】 G,L,M,N,P,R,S和W中,恰有5个被削减,3个未被削减。 (1) (G S) W (2) N ( R S) (3) P L (4) 在L,M和R这三个学科领域中,恰好有两个领域被削减。 如果L和S同被削减,下面哪一个选项列出了经费可能同被削减的两个领域?()
A. G,M
B. G,P
C. N,R
D. P,R
TextThe American definition of success is largely one of acquiring wealth and a high material standard of living. It is not surprising, (1) , that Americans have valued education for its monetary value. The belief is widespread in the United States (2) the more schooling people have, the more money they will (3) when they leave school. The belief is strongest (4) the desirability of an undergraduate university degree, or a (5) degree such as medicine or law (6) the undergraduate degree. The money value of graduate degrees in (7) such as art, history, or philosophy is not (8) great.This belief in the monetary value of education is (9) by research outcomes on income. Ben Wattenberg, a social scientist, estimates that in the (10) of a lifetime a man (11) a college school diploma in 1972 could earn about $380,000 more than a man who (12) had a high school diploma. Perhaps this helps to explain survey (13) which showed that Americans who (14) they had lived their lives differently in some way regretted (15) of all that they did not get more education. The regret is (16) by those who have made (17) to the top and by those who have not. (18) a man like Douglas Fraser, the president of the United Auto Workers Union, a nationally known and successful leader, was (19) by regrets that he did not climb higher on the (20) ladder. 4()
A. regarding
B. reflecting
C. revealing
D. representing