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TEXT C To live in the United States today is to gain an appreciation for Dhrendorf’s assertion that social change exists everywhere. Technology, the application of knowledge for practical ends, is a major source of social change. Yet we would do well to remind ourselves that technology is a human creation; it does not exist naturally. A spear or a robot is as much a cultural as a physical object. Until humans use a spear to hunt game—or a robot to produce machine parts, neither is much more than a solid mass of matter. For a bird looking for an object on which to rest, a spear or robot serves the purpose equally well. The explosion of the Challenger space shuttle and the Russian nuclear accident at Chernobyl drive home the human quality of technology; they provide cases in which well-planned systems suddenly went haywire and there was no ready hand to set them right. Since technology is a human creation, we are responsible for what is done with it. Pessimists worry that we will use our technology eventually to blow our world and ourselves to pieces. But they have been saying this for decades, and so far we have managed to survive and even flourish. Whether we will continue to do so in the years ahead remains uncertain. Clearly, the impact of technology on our lives deserves a closer examination. Few technological developments have had a greater impact on our lives than the computer revolution. Scientists and engineers have designed specialized machines that can do the tasks that once only people could do. There are those who assert that the switch to an information-based economy is in the same camp as other great historical milestones, particularly the Industrial Revolution. Yet when we ask why the Industrial Revolution was a revolution, we find that it was not the machines. The primary reason why it was a revolutionary is that it led to great social change. It gave rise to mass production and, through mass production, to a society in which wealth was not confined to the few. In somewhat similar fashion, computers promise to revolutionize the structure of American life, particularly as they free the human mind and open new possibilities in knowledge and communication. The Industrial Revolution supplemented and replaced the muscles of humans and animals by mechanical methods. The computer extends this development to supplement and replace some aspects of the mind of human beings by electronic methods It is the capacity of the computer for solving problems and making decisions that represents its greatest potential and that poses the greatest difficulties in predicting the impact on society. (440 words) According to the author, the introduction of the computer is a revolution mainly because ______.
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The celebration of Veterans Day is held on November 11th every year in the United States. This day is set (36) to honor and remember the (37) men and women who have (38) their country, in any war and (39) peacetime. Veterans Day was first (40) Armistice Day. That day (41) the end of World War I. Thirty-five countries (42) in that war. An armistice was (43) on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month, and this (44) the war was over. Many countries were (45) to hear that the war was over and that their soldiers would be coming home.An (46) American soldier was buried in Arlington National Cemetery (47) a hillside overlooking the Potomac River at 11:00 a.m. on November 11, 1921. His (48) is called the "Tomb of the Unknown Soldier". The (49) of the tomb is where the U.S. government (50) its annual Veterans Day (51) . On the same day, a soldier from France and a soldier from England were (52) also buried in their (53) countries, to give special (54) to the end of the war. In 1954, the U.S. Congress changed the name of the day (55) Armistice Day to Veterans Day. 43().
TEXT D It is interesting to reflect for a moment upon the differences in the areas of moral feeling and standards in the peoples of Japan and the United States. Americans divide these areas somewhat rigidly into spirit and flesh, the two beings in opposition in the life of a human being. Ideally spirit should prevail but all too often it is the flesh that does prevail. The Japanese make no such division, at least between one as good and the other as evil. They believe that a person has two souls, each necessary. One is the "gentle" soul; the other is the "rough" soul. Sometimes the person uses his gentle soul; sometimes he must use his rough soul. He does not favor his gentle soul; neither does he fight his rough soul. Human nature in itself is good, Japanese philosophers insist, and a human being does not need to fight any part of himself. He has only to learn how to use each soul properly at appropriate times. Virtue for the Japanese consists in fulfilling one’s obligations to others. Happy endings, either in life or in fiction, are neither necessary nor expected, since the fulfillment of duty provides the satisfying end, whatever the tragedy it inflicts. And duty includes a person’s obligations to those who have conferred benefits upon him and to himself as an individual of honor. He develops through this double sense of duty a self-discipline, which is at once permissive and rigid, depending upon the area in which it is functioning. The process of acquiring this self-discipline begins in childhood. Indeed, one may say it begins at birth—how early is the Japanese child given his own identity! If I were to define in a word the attitude of the Japanese toward their children I would put it in one succinct word "respect." Love Yes, abundance of love, warmly expressed from the moment he is put to his mother’s breast. For mother and child this nursing of her child is important psychologically. Rewards are frequent, a bit of candy bestowed at the right moment or an inexpensive toy. As the time comes to enter school, however, discipline becomes firmer. To bring shame to the family is the greatest shame for the child. What is the secret of the Japanese teaching of self-discipline It lies, I think, in the fact that the aim of all teaching is the establishment of habit. Rules are repeated over and over, and continually practiced until obedience becomes instinctive. This repetition is enhanced by the expectation of the elders. They expect a child to obey and to learn through obedience. The demand is gentle at first and tempered to the child’s tender age. It is no less gentle as time goes on, but certainly it is increasingly inexorable. Now, far away from that warm Japanese home, I reflect upon what I learned there. What, I wonder, will take the place of the web of love and discipline which for so many centuries has surrounded the life and thinking of the people of Japan (511 words) Training of the Japanese child can best be described as ______.
The celebration of Veterans Day is held on November 11th every year in the United States. This day is set (36) to honor and remember the (37) men and women who have (38) their country, in any war and (39) peacetime. Veterans Day was first (40) Armistice Day. That day (41) the end of World War I. Thirty-five countries (42) in that war. An armistice was (43) on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month, and this (44) the war was over. Many countries were (45) to hear that the war was over and that their soldiers would be coming home.An (46) American soldier was buried in Arlington National Cemetery (47) a hillside overlooking the Potomac River at 11:00 a.m. on November 11, 1921. His (48) is called the "Tomb of the Unknown Soldier". The (49) of the tomb is where the U.S. government (50) its annual Veterans Day (51) . On the same day, a soldier from France and a soldier from England were (52) also buried in their (53) countries, to give special (54) to the end of the war. In 1954, the U.S. Congress changed the name of the day (55) Armistice Day to Veterans Day. 50().
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