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There are cockroaches (蟑螂) everywhere on Earth except the places that are covered with ice. Scientists have discovered about 3,500 different species of cockroaches. There is just one human species! Cockroaches can be anything in size from about five mm to nine cm. Although five mm is very small, nine cm is as long as a large rat. It is very difficult to catch most cockroaches. They"see" with the hairs on their bodies. These hairs can feel the smallest movement in the air, so the cockroaches know immediately something moves, and run to safety. Of all the species of cockroach, fortunately only three live among humans and are a serious problem. They are the German, the Oriental, and the American. One egg case of the German cockroach can produce as many as seven million cockroaches in 12 months! Our main problem with cockroaches is that not only do they look ugly to us, but they also carry diseases. They are particularly dangerous in hospitals as they eat all kinds of hospital waste or get it on their bodies. They can then carry this waste, which may contain dangerous bacteria, on to food which is then eaten by people in the hospital. Most of the bacteria that cause food poisoning have been found in the stomachs of cockroaches, so it is important that cockroaches should be kept out of restaurants and other places where food is prepared. Many people work and try to destroy cockroaches, but as soon as they find one way of doing it, the cockroaches "learn" how to deal with it. Electricity does not always kill them and they can avoid most poisons or"learn"how to deal with others. At one time, scientists thought that radiation would kill them. but they have been on Earth for about 300 million years, and it does not harm them as much as it does us. It seems probable that when there are no longer human beings living on the Earth, cockroaches will still be here. Cockroaches know that someone or something is "Neat because ______.
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Start at the beginning: Civil Service clerk, temporary, at the local Ministry of Works depot in my hometown, can’t get any lower than that. At the base of the bureaucratic pyramid, buried alive in fact, the temporary clerk is the navy of the Civil Service, without status or security. When I took the job I’d only worked in factories, and so I was a bit in awe of the office world I was about to enter. As an apprentice, queuing in the spotless corridor on Thursday outside the wage windows, peering in at the comparative purity of desks and paper and slick, dandified staff, you got a queer, dizzy sensation. My brother was a clerk himself, at the Council House, but I never connected him with this Thursday vision. On my first day as a clerk, going down the street with my brother, I confessed how nervous I was." Listen,"he said, " you can write your name, can’t you You can add up Then you can be a clerk. " It was true. The depot was a big old house near the city centre, with the offices upstairs. My boss had a room at the front to himself, and behind him was a door leading to my den, which contained three others. This boss, a big, bumbling, embarrassed man, addressed us all with the "Mr. " fixed firmly between, as if to maintain his distance. Everyone accepted his remoteness as inevitable, something which struck me as weird from the beginning, especially as you had to go to and fro behind his chair to the outer door every time you went anywhere. The boss sat through it all encased in silence and dignity, like an Under Secretary. Holed up in the back room it was snug and at first I liked it, till the novelty wore off and the chronic, stagnant boredom began to take over. An old man, the only other temporary, made tea in the corner where he sat, and he did all the menial labouring jobs, stamping and numbering timesheets, sorting vouchers: so at first I helped him. The other two did the more skilled entering and balancing, working on wage sheets and other mysteries I never penetrated. It seemed to culminate, their activity, in the grand climax of pay-day, which was Friday. Then the boss, for an hour or so, came out of his fastness and was nearly human. He would march in smiling with the box stuffed full of money, and together they would count and parcel it. Out went the box again, stuffed with pay envelopes. The old man was treated with amiable contempt by the established clerks, who asserted their superiority now and again, and, as the old man was deaf, kept up a running commentary, half fun and half malice, which they evidently found necessary to break the monotony. Before long I needed it as much as they did. The worst aspect of a clerk’s existence was being rubbed into me: it’s how prison must be. At first you don’t even notice, then it starts to bite in. Because of the terrible limitation of your physical freedom-chained to a desk is right-you are soon forced to make your own amusements in order to make life bearable. You have to liven it up. And with the construction comes inevitably an undertow of bitterness and all kinds of petty behaviour arise out of the robbing frustration, the enforced closeness. Plenty of it is malicious. Another clerical job, at a builder’s merchants, was redeemed to some extent by the fact that you were actually in the warehouse, among storemen, sales reps, and all the tangible, fascinating paraphernalia of the trade. Racks and bins and lofts stacked with it. One occupational hazard facing a clerk is always the sense of futility he struggles against, or is more often just overwhelmed by. Unlike even the humblest worker on a production line, he doesn’t produce anything. He battles with phantoms, abstracts; runs in a paper chase that goes on year after year, and seems utterly pointless. How can there be anything else other than boredom in it for him What did the writer compare a clerk’s existence to
Y(for Yes) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N (for No) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG(for Not Given) if the information is not given in the passage. The Outdoor Centre Opening times Water sports: 10 am-6 pm Play Park: 10 am-5:30 pm Entrance/Car park fees Low season: Weekdays ￡2.00 per car Weekends ￡3.00 per car High season: 23 July-11 September Weekdays and weekends ￡3.00 per car Fees are for cars with four people. Each extra person is 50p. Fees to be paid at the main orifice. The center is not a private club; it is an organization whose aim is to provide outdoor sports and recreation facilities for the public. Group visitors are requested to inform the center in advance of their intended visit. Windsurfing-One-day course Beginner windsurfing course is offered on Saturdays and Sundays when the weather is good enough. Learning to windsurf is a lot of fun. The excitement when you sail across the water for the first time is not easily forgotten. Boards with small sails are available for beginners. Course fee: ￡32.50(this includes all equipment) One-day adventure course This is an opportunity you have been waiting for. Come and try sailing, climbing, surfing and archery. This course is intended to introduce outdoor activities to adults in a fun, leisurely manner. You do not need to be extremely fit or to have had previous experience of the activities. All you need is to be interested. Course fee: ￡22.50 Play Park The Play Park is suitable for children from two to ten years of age. It is one of the best of its type in the country. It has sand and water play, slides, large ball pool, play castle and much, much more. Next year the center will open a new Play Palace and Play Ship. Summer adventure holidays(for 14-18 years of age) Sailing Climbing Windsurfing Fun Games Statement: Safety is of primary importance at the Outdoor Center. All staff members are fully trained in First Aid, and qualified to teach the activities on offer. We also make certain that all children only take part in activities that are suitable for their age and physical abilities. For this programme children must be able to swim 25 metres and be in good physical health. Statements: The adventure course is suitable for beginners.
Y(for Yes) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N (for No) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG(for Not Given) if the information is not given in the passage. The Outdoor Centre Opening times Water sports: 10 am-6 pm Play Park: 10 am-5:30 pm Entrance/Car park fees Low season: Weekdays ￡2.00 per car Weekends ￡3.00 per car High season: 23 July-11 September Weekdays and weekends ￡3.00 per car Fees are for cars with four people. Each extra person is 50p. Fees to be paid at the main orifice. The center is not a private club; it is an organization whose aim is to provide outdoor sports and recreation facilities for the public. Group visitors are requested to inform the center in advance of their intended visit. Windsurfing-One-day course Beginner windsurfing course is offered on Saturdays and Sundays when the weather is good enough. Learning to windsurf is a lot of fun. The excitement when you sail across the water for the first time is not easily forgotten. Boards with small sails are available for beginners. Course fee: ￡32.50(this includes all equipment) One-day adventure course This is an opportunity you have been waiting for. Come and try sailing, climbing, surfing and archery. This course is intended to introduce outdoor activities to adults in a fun, leisurely manner. You do not need to be extremely fit or to have had previous experience of the activities. All you need is to be interested. Course fee: ￡22.50 Play Park The Play Park is suitable for children from two to ten years of age. It is one of the best of its type in the country. It has sand and water play, slides, large ball pool, play castle and much, much more. Next year the center will open a new Play Palace and Play Ship. Summer adventure holidays(for 14-18 years of age) Sailing Climbing Windsurfing Fun Games Statement: Safety is of primary importance at the Outdoor Center. All staff members are fully trained in First Aid, and qualified to teach the activities on offer. We also make certain that all children only take part in activities that are suitable for their age and physical abilities. For this programme children must be able to swim 25 metres and be in good physical health. Statements: The centre is planning to add extra facilities to the Play Park.
The best way to learn is to teach. This is the message emerging from experiments in several schools in which teenage pupils who have problems at school themselves are tutoring younger children-with remarkable results for both sides. According to American research, pupil tutoring wins"hands down" over computerized instruction and American teachers say that no other recent innovation has proved so consistently successful. Now the idea is spreading in Britain. Throughout this term, a group of 14-year-olds at Trinity Comprehensive in Leamington Spa have been spending an hour a week helping children at a nearby primary school with their reading. The younger children read aloud to their tutors (who are supervised by university students of education) and then play word games with them. All the 14-year-olds have some of their own lessons in a special unit for children who have difficulties at school. Though their intelligence is around average, most of them have fallen behind in reading, writing and maths and in some cases. This has led to truancy or bad behaviour in class. Jean Bond, who is running the special unit, while on sabbatical from Warwick University’s education department, says that the main benefit of tutoring is that it improves the adolescents’ selfesteem. "The younger children come rushing up every time and welcome them. It makes the tutors feel important whereas, in normal school lessons, they often feel inadequate. Everyone benefits. The older children need practice in reading but, if they had to do it in their own classes, they would say it was kids’stuff and be worried about losing face. The younger children get individual attention from very patient people. The tutors are struggling at school themselves, so when the younger ones canrt learn, they know exactly why. " The tutors agree. "When I was little, I used to skive and say that I couldn’t do things when I really could. "says Mark Greger. "The boy I’ve been teaching does the same. He says he can’t read a page of his book so I tell him that if he does do it, we can play a game. That works. " The young children speak warmly of their new teachers. " He doesn’t shout like our teachers, " says eight-year-old Jenny of her tutor, Cliff McFarlane who, among his own teachers, has a reputation for being a handful. Yet Cliff sees himself as a tough teacher. "If they get a word wrong, " he says, "I keep them at it until they get it right. " Jean Bond, who describes pupil tutoring as an"educational conjuring trick", has run two previous experiments. In one, six persistent truants, aged 15 upwards, tutored 12 slow-learning infants in reading and maths. None of the six played truant from any of the tutoring sessions. "The degree of concentration they showed while working with their pupils was remarkable for pupils who had previously shown little ability to concentrate on anything related to schoolwork for any period of time, " says Bond. The tutors became" reliable, conscientious caring individuals". Their own reading, previously mechanical and monotonous, became far more expressive as a result of reading stories aloud to infants. Their view of education, which they had previously dismissed as" crap " and" a waste of time", was transformed. They became firmly resolved to teach their own children to read before starting school because, as one of them put it, "If they go for a job and they can’t write, they’re not going to employ you, are they"The tutors also became more sympathetic to their own teachers’difficulties, because they were frustrated themselves when the infants " mucked about". In the seven weeks of the experiment, concludes Bond, "These pupils received more recognition, reward and feelings of worth than they had previously experienced in many years of formal schooling. " And the infants, according to their own teachers, showed measurable gains in reading skills by the end of the scheme. The most significant result of the experiments carried out so far seems to be that the tutors ______.
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