People"s financial history has a strong impact on their taste for risk. Looking at surveys of American household【C1】______from 1960 to 2007, Ul-rike Malmendier of the University of California at Berkeley and his cooperator found that people who【C2】______high returns on the stock market【C3】______in life were, years later, likelier to report a higher tolerance for risk, to own shares and to invest a bigger slice of their【C4】______in shares. But【C5】______to economic turmoil appears to suppress people"s appetite for risk【C6】______of their personal financial losses. That is the【C7】______of a paper by Samuli Knupfer of London Business School and two co-authors. In the early 1990s a severe recession caused Finland"s GDP to【C8】______by 10% and unemployment to【C9】______from 3% to 16%. Using detailed data on tax, unemployment and military conscription(draft), the authors were able to【C10】______the investment choices of those【C11】______by Finland"s "Great Depression". Controlling for age, education, gender and【C12】______status, they found that those in occupations, industries and regions hit harder by unemployment were【C13】______likely to own stocks a decade later. Individuals" personal misfortunes, however, could explain at most half of the【C14】______in stock ownership, the authors reckon. They【C15】______the remainder to "changes in beliefs and preferences" that are not easily measured. This seems【C16】______with a growing body of research that links a low tolerance of risk to 【C17】______emotional trauma(a severe shock). Studies have found, for example, that natural【C18】______such as the tsunami(a large destructive wave)that hit South-East Asia in 2004 and military【C19】______such as the Korean war can render their victims more【C20】______for years. 【C8】

A. sink
B. climb
C. remain
D. extend